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Carousel-based recommendation interfaces allow users to explore recommended items in a structured, efficient, and visually-appealing way. This made them a de-facto standard approach to recommending items to end users in many real-life…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Behnam Rahdari , Branislav Kveton , Peter Brusilovsky

Carousels (also-known as multilists) have become the standard user interface for e-commerce platforms replacing the ranked list, the previous standard for recommender systems. While the research community has begun to focus on carousels,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Santiago de Leon-Martinez

Click models are a well-established for modeling user interactions with web interfaces. Previous work has mainly focused on traditional single-list web search settings; this includes existing surveys that introduced categorizations based on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jingwei Kang , Maarten de Rijke , Santiago de Leon-Martinez , Harrie Oosterhuis

Carousels have become the de-facto standard user interface in online services. However, there is a lack of research in carousels, particularly examining how recommender systems may be designed differently than the traditional single-list…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Santiago de Leon-Martinez , Robert Moro , Branislav Kveton , Maria Bielikova

Most typical click models assume that the probability of a document to be examined by users only depends on position, such as PBM and UBM. It works well in various kinds of search engines. However, in a search engine where massive candidate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Ningxin Xu , Cheng Yang , Yixin Zhu , Xiaowei Hu , Changhu Wang

Carousel interfaces have been the de-facto standard for streaming media services for over a decade. Yet, there has been very little research into user behavior with such interfaces, which thus remains poorly understood. Due to this lack of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Jingwei Kang , Maarten de Rijke , Harrie Oosterhuis

Getting a better understanding of user behavior is important for advancing information retrieval systems. Existing work focuses on modeling and predicting single interaction events, such as clicks. In this paper, we for the first time focus…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Alexey Borisov , Martijn Wardenaar , Ilya Markov , Maarten de Rijke

Modern information retrieval systems, including web search, ads placement, and recommender systems, typically rely on learning from user feedback. Click models, which study how users interact with a ranked list of items, provide a useful…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Xinyi Dai , Jianghao Lin , Weinan Zhang , Shuai Li , Weiwen Liu , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He , Jianye Hao , Jun Wang , Yong Yu

Many video-on-demand and music streaming services provide the user with a page consisting of several recommendation lists, i.e. widgets or swipeable carousels, each built with a specific criterion (e.g. most recent, TV series, etc.).…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Nicolò Felicioni , Maurizio Ferrari Dacrema , Paolo Cremonesi

Given the vital importance of search engines to find digital information, there has been much scientific attention on how users interact with search engines, and how such behavior can be modeled. Many models on user - search engine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Corné de Ruijt , Sandjai Bhulai

User interaction data is an important source of supervision in counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR). Such data suffers from presentation bias. Much work in unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) focuses on position bias, i.e., items at higher…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Fatemeh Sarvi , Ali Vardasbi , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Sebastian Schelter , Maarten de Rijke

To better exploit search logs and model users' behavior patterns, numerous click models are proposed to extract users' implicit interaction feedback. Most traditional click models are based on the probabilistic graphical model (PGM)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Jianghao Lin , Weiwen Liu , Xinyi Dai , Weinan Zhang , Shuai Li , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He , Jianye Hao , Yong Yu

Many web systems rank and present a list of items to users, from recommender systems to search and advertising. An important problem in practice is to evaluate new ranking policies offline and optimize them before they are deployed. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Shuai Li , Yasin Abbasi-Yadkori , Branislav Kveton , S. Muthukrishnan , Vishwa Vinay , Zheng Wen

Accurate estimates of examination bias are crucial for unbiased learning-to-rank from implicit feedback in search engines and recommender systems, since they enable the use of Inverse Propensity Score (IPS) weighting techniques to address…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Zhichong Fang , Aman Agarwal , Thorsten Joachims

It is common for video-on-demand and music streaming services to adopt a user interface composed of several recommendation lists, i.e. widgets or swipeable carousels, each generated according to a specific criterion or algorithm (e.g. most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Nicolò Felicioni , Maurizio Ferrari Dacrema , Paolo Cremonesi

Traditional recommender systems primarily rely on a single type of user-item interaction, such as item purchases or ratings, to predict user preferences. However, in real-world scenarios, users engage in a variety of behaviors, such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Kyungho Kim , Sunwoo Kim , Geon Lee , Jinhong Jung , Kijung Shin

CLAX is a JAX-based library that implements classic click models using modern gradient-based optimization. While neural click models have emerged over the past decade, complex click models based on probabilistic graphical models (PGMs) have…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Philipp Hager , Onno Zoeter , Maarten de Rijke

Online recommendation services recommend multiple commodities to users. Nowadays, a considerable proportion of users visit e-commerce platforms by mobile devices. Due to the limited screen size of mobile devices, positions of items have a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Xu He , Bo An , Yanghua Li , Haikai Chen , Qingyu Guo , Xin Li , Zhirong Wang

Deep learning-based sequential recommender systems have recently attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry. Most of industrial Embedding-Based Retrieval (EBR) system for recommendation share the similar ideas with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Fuyu Lv , Mengxue Li , Tonglei Guo , Changlong Yu , Fei Sun , Taiwei Jin , Wilfred Ng

Click models are an important tool for leveraging user feedback, and are used by commercial search engines for surfacing relevant search results. However, existing click models are lacking in two aspects. First, they do not share…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-01-03 Dinesh Govindaraj , Tao Wang , S. V. N. Vishwanathan
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