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Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation is currently one of the most important areas of research, with existing benchmarks proving to be insufficient and not completely representative of LLMs' various capabilities. We present a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, from open-domain question answering to scientific writing, medical decision support, and legal analysis. However, their tendency to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Diyana Muhammed , Giusy Giulia Tuccari , Gollam Rabby , Sören Auer , Sahar Vahdati

Large language models recall knowledge reliably in English but often fail on the same query posed in a lower-resourced language -- a crosslingual consistency gap that remains underexplored for Indian languages and their code-mixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Debajyoti Mazumder , Divyansh Pathak , Prashant Kodali , Aditya Joshi , Akshay Agarwal , Jasabanta Patro

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance in programming tasks, LLM-driven coding systems have evolved from one-shot code generation into complex systems capable of iterative improvement during inference. However, existing code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Wentao Zhang , Jianfeng Wang , Liheng Liang , Yilei Zhao , HaiBin Wen , Zhe Zhao

Reliable autoformalization remains challenging even in the era of large language models (LLMs). The scarcity of high-quality training data is a major bottleneck. Expert annotation requires substantial time and deep expertise in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Param Biyani , Shashank Kirtania , Yasharth Bajpai , Sumit Gulwani , Ashish Tiwari

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly power decision-making systems across critical domains, understanding and mitigating their biases becomes essential for responsible AI deployment. Although bias assessment frameworks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Divyanshu Kumar , Ishita Gupta , Nitin Aravind Birur , Tanay Baswa , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to strong reasoning capabilities; however, evaluating such models in low-resource languages remains challenging due to the lack of standardized benchmarks. In particular, Urdu…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Muhammad Ali Shafique , Areej Mehboob , Layba Fiaz , Muhammad Usman Qadeer , Hamza Farooq

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, but still suffer from inconsistency issues (e.g. LLMs can react differently to disturbances like rephrasing or inconsequential order change). In addition to these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zhe Yang , Yichang Zhang , Tianyu Liu , Jian Yang , Junyang Lin , Chang Zhou , Zhifang Sui

While model architecture and training objectives are well-studied, tokenization, particularly in multilingual contexts, remains a relatively neglected aspect of Large Language Model (LLM) development. Existing tokenizers often exhibit high…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential for domain-specific applications, such as the law domain. However, recent disputes over GPT-4's law evaluation raise questions concerning their performance in real-world legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ruihao Shui , Yixin Cao , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

The advances of large foundation models necessitate wide-coverage, low-cost, and zero-contamination benchmarks. Despite continuous exploration of language model evaluations, comprehensive studies on the evaluation of Large Multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Kaichen Zhang , Bo Li , Peiyuan Zhang , Fanyi Pu , Joshua Adrian Cahyono , Kairui Hu , Shuai Liu , Yuanhan Zhang , Jingkang Yang , Chunyuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Building Natural Language Understanding (NLU) capabilities for Indic languages, which have a collective speaker base of more than one billion speakers is absolutely crucial. In this work, we aim to improve the NLU capabilities of Indic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Sumanth Doddapaneni , Rahul Aralikatte , Gowtham Ramesh , Shreya Goyal , Mitesh M. Khapra , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Pratyush Kumar

Critique ability, i.e., the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to identify and rectify flaws in responses, is crucial for their applications in self-improvement and scalable oversight. While numerous studies have been proposed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Tian Lan , Wenwei Zhang , Chen Xu , Heyan Huang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen , Xian-ling Mao

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in various NLP tasks. In this work, our aim is to explore the multilingual capabilities of large language models by using machine translation as a task involving…

With the proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in the medical domain, there is increasing demand for improved evaluation techniques to assess their capabilities. However, traditional metrics like F1 and ROUGE, which rely on token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiechi Zhang , Zetian Ouyang , Linlin Wang , Gerard de Melo , Zhu Cao , Xiaoling Wang , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Liang He

Large language models (LLMs) have a transformative impact on a variety of scientific tasks across disciplines including biology, chemistry, medicine, and physics. However, ensuring the safety alignment of these models in scientific research…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in contextual understanding and reasoning. However, evaluating their performance across diverse scientific domains remains underexplored, as existing benchmarks primarily focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jing Yu , Yuqi Tang , Kehua Feng , Mingyang Rao , Lei Liang , Zhiqiang Zhang , Mengshu Sun , Wen Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Keyan Ding , Huajun Chen

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has shifted language model evaluation toward reasoning and problem-solving tasks as measures of general intelligence. Small Language Models (SLMs) -- defined here as models under 10B parameters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Gabriel Benedict , Matthew Butler , Naved Merchant , Eetu Salama-Laine

Despite the recent ubiquity of large language models and their high zero-shot prompted performance across a wide range of tasks, it is still not known how well they perform on tasks which require processing of potentially idiomatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Dylan Phelps , Thomas Pickard , Maggie Mi , Edward Gow-Smith , Aline Villavicencio

Recent advancements in large language models have led to significant improvements across various tasks, including mathematical reasoning, which is used to assess models' intelligence in logical reasoning and problem-solving. Models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Erez Yosef , Oron Anschel , Shunit Haviv Hakimi , Asaf Gendler , Adam Botach , Nimrod Berman , Igor Kviatkovsky