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System correctness is one of the most crucial and challenging objectives in software and hardware systems. With the increasing evolution of connected and distributed systems, ensuring their correctness requires the use of formal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Vadim Malvone

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities in mathematical and scientific tasks. To enhance complex reasoning, multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness the collective intelligence of LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhenyu Bi , Meng Lu , Yang Li , Swastik Roy , Weijie Guan , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

Text-based misinformation permeates online discourses, yet evidence of people's ability to discern truth from such deceptive textual content is scarce. We analyze a novel TV game show data where conversations in a high-stake environment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sanchaita Hazra , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder

Communication is a critical part of enabling multi-agent systems to cooperate. This means that applying formal methods to protocols governing communication within multi-agent systems provides useful confidence in its reliability. In this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Matt Luckcuck , Rafael C. Cardoso

In this work we study a multi-agent coordination problem in which agents are only able to communicate with each other intermittently through a cloud server. To reduce the amount of required communication, we develop a self-triggered…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-07 Sean L. Bowman , Cameron Nowzari , George J. Pappas

This paper presents a temporal expression language for monitoring AI agent behavior, enabling systematic error-detection of LLM-based agentic systems that exhibit variable outputs due to stochastic generation processes. Drawing from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Thomas J Sheffler

In the context of Visual Question Answering (VQA) and Agentic AI, calibration refers to how closely an AI system's confidence in its answers reflects their actual correctness. This aspect becomes especially important when such systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ayush Pandey , Jai Bardhan , Ishita Jain , Ramya S Hebbalaguppe , Rohan Raju Dhanakshirur , Lovekesh Vig

Collaborative decision making in multi-agent systems typically requires a predefined communication protocol among agents. Usually, agent-level observations are locally processed and information is exchanged using the predefined protocol,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Homagni Saha , Vijay Venkataraman , Alberto Speranzon , Soumik Sarkar

This paper presents the Soda language for verifying multi-agent systems. Soda is a high-level functional and object-oriented language that supports the compilation of its code not only to Scala, a strongly statically typed high-level…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Julian Alfredo Mendez , Timotheus Kampik

Learning interpretable communication is essential for multi-agent and human-agent teams (HATs). In multi-agent reinforcement learning for partially-observable environments, agents may convey information to others via learned communication,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Seth Karten , Mycal Tucker , Huao Li , Siva Kailas , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara

Multi-agent LLM systems improve reasoning by combining outputs from multiple agents, but interaction-heavy methods can introduce error propagation and high communication overhead. When agents exchange raw responses or reasoning traces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yi Li , Songtao Wei , Dongming Jiang , Zhichun Guo , Qiannan Li , Bingzhe Li

Agent communication protocols are becoming critical infrastructure for large language model (LLM) systems that must use tools, coordinate with other agents, and operate across heterogeneous environments. This work presents a human-inspired…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Dun Yuan , Fuyuan Lyu , Ye Yuan , Weixu Zhang , Bowei He , Jiayi Geng , Linfeng Du , Zipeng Sun , Yankai Chen , Changjiang Han , Jikun Kang , Xi Chen , Haolun Wu , Xue Liu

TRUST Agents is a collaborative multi-agent framework for explainable fact verification and fake news detection. Rather than treating verification as a simple true-or-false classification task, the system identifies verifiable claims,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Gautama Shastry Bulusu Venkata , Santhosh Kakarla , Maheedhar Omtri Mohan , Aishwarya Gaddam

AI agents are increasingly deployed to interact with other agents on behalf of users and organizations. We ask whether two such agents, operated by different entities, can carry out a parallel secret conversation while still producing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Vinod Vaikuntanathan , Or Zamir

As foundation models are increasingly deployed as interacting agents in multi-agent systems, their collective behavior raises new challenges for trustworthiness, transparency, and accountability. Traditional coordination mechanisms, such as…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Brendan Gho , Suman Muppavarapu , Afnan Shaik , Tyson Tsay , Atharva Mohan , James Begin , Kevin Zhu , Archana Vaidheeswaran , Vasu Sharma

Subliminal prompting is a phenomenon in which language models are biased towards certain concepts or traits through prompting with semantically unrelated tokens. While prior work has examined subliminal prompting in user-LLM interactions,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Moritz Weckbecker , Jonas Müller , Ben Hagag , Michael Mulet

The field of information retrieval often works with limited and noisy data in an attempt to classify documents into subjective categories, e.g., relevance, sentiment and controversy. We typically quantify a notion of agreement to understand…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-06-14 John Foley

Recommender systems trained on offline historical user behaviors are embracing conversational techniques to online query user preference. Unlike prior conversational recommendation approaches that systemically combine conversational and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Jiarui Jin , Xianyu Chen , Fanghua Ye , Mengyue Yang , Yue Feng , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu , Jun Wang

Decision conferences are structured, collaborative meetings that bring together experts from various fields to address complex issues and reach a consensus on recommendations for future actions or policies. These conferences often rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Selina Heller , Mohamed Ibrahim , David Antony Selby , Sebastian Vollmer

With the rapid growth of intelligent services, communication targets are shifting from humans to artificial intelligent (AI) agents, which require new paradigms to enable real-time perception, decision-making, and collaboration. Semantic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kaiwen Yu , Mengying Sun , Zhijin Qin , Xiaodong Xu , Ping Yang , Yue Xiao , Gang Wu