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Recent advances in the cryptographic field of "Zero-Knowledge Proofs" have sparked a new wave of research, giving birth to many exciting theoretical approaches in the last few years. Such research has often overlapped with the need for…
Ethereum is a permissionless blockchain ecosystem that supports execution of smart contracts, the key enablers of decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFT). However, the expressiveness of Ethereum smart contracts is a…
In the rapidly evolving domain of distributed ledger technology, scalability and interoperability have become paramount challenges for both academic and industry sectors. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive formal model to address…
Zero-knowledge proofs (zk-Proofs) are communication protocols by which a prover can demonstrate to a verifier that it possesses a solution to a given public problem without revealing the content of the solution. Arbitrary computations can…
Zero-knowledge virtual machines (zkVMs) are increasingly deployed in decentralized applications and blockchain rollups since they enable verifiable off-chain computation. These VMs execute general-purpose programs, frequently written in…
With the widespread adoption of Zero-Knowledge Proof systems, particularly ZK-SNARK, the efficiency of proof generation, encompassing both the witness generation and proof computation phases, has become a significant concern. While…
Due to the increasing interest in blockchain technology for fostering secure, auditable, decentralized applications, a set of challenges associated with this technology need to be addressed. In this letter, we focus on the delay associated…
Layer 1 (L1) blockchains such as Ethereum are secured under an "honest supermajority of stake" assumption for a large pool of validators who verify each and every transaction on it. This high security comes at a scalability cost which not…
Bitcoin and Ethereum, whose miners arguably collectively comprise the most powerful computational resource in the history of mankind, offer no more power for processing and verifying transactions than a typical smart phone. The system…
Machine learning is increasingly deployed through outsourced and cloud-based pipelines, which improve accessibility but also raise concerns about computational integrity, data privacy, and model confidentiality. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs)…
As AI models become ubiquitous in our daily lives, there has been an increasing demand for transparency in ML services. However, the model owner does not want to reveal the weights, as they are considered trade secrets. To solve this…
Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) enable computational integrity and privacy by allowing one party to prove the truth of a statement without revealing underlying data. Compared with alternatives such as homomorphic encryption and secure…
As one of the representative blockchain platforms, Ethereum has attracted lots of attacks. Due to the existed financial loss, there is a pressing need to perform timely investigation and detect more attack instances. Though multiple systems…
Secure sensor calibration constitutes a foundational step that underpins operational safety in the Industrial Internet of Things. While much attention has been given to IoT security such as the use of TLS to secure sensed data, little…
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, particularly those based on machine learning (ML), become integral to high-stakes applications, their probabilistic and opaque nature poses significant challenges to traditional verification and…
Blockchain performance has historically faced challenges posed by the throughput limitations of consensus algorithms. Recent breakthroughs in research have successfully alleviated these constraints by introducing a modular architecture that…
A proof is concurrent zero-knowledge if it remains zero-knowledge when many copies of the proof are run in an asynchronous environment, such as the Internet. It is known that zero-knowledge is not necessarily preserved in such an…
The development of underlying technologies in blockchain mostly revolves around a difficult problem: how to enhance the performance of the system and reduce various costs of nodes (such as communication, storage and verification) without…
The emerging parallel chain protocols represent a breakthrough to address the scalability of blockchain. By composing multiple parallel chain instances, the whole systems' throughput can approach the network capacity. How to coordinate…
The rapid advancement of creating Zero-Knowledge (ZK) programs has led to the development of numerous tools designed to support developers. Popular options include being able to write in general-purpose programming languages like Rust from…