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Scalable AI agents training relies on interactive environments that faithfully simulate the consequences of agent actions. Manually crafted environments are expensive to build, brittle to extend, and fundamentally limited in diversity. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yi Liu , TingFeng Hui , Wei Zhang , Li Sun , Ningxin Su , Jian Wang , Sen Su

World models are central to building AI agents capable of flexible reasoning and planning. Yet current evaluations (i) test only properties measurable from observed interactions, such as next-frame prediction or task return, and (ii) do not…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into tool-using agents, they remain brittle in long-horizon interactions. Unlike mathematical reasoning where errors are often rectifiable via backtracking, tool-use failures frequently induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shengda Fan , Xuyan Ye , Yupeng Huo , Zhi-Yuan Chen , Yiju Guo , Shenzhi Yang , Wenkai Yang , Shuqi Ye , Jingwen Chen , Haotian Chen , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin

Modern Large Language Model (LLM) agents promise end to end assistance with real-world software tasks, yet existing benchmarks evaluate LLM agents almost exclusively in pre-baked environments where every dependency is pre-installed. To fill…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Avi Arora , Jinu Jang , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam

Recent advances in large language models have enabled LLM-based agents to achieve strong performance on a variety of benchmarks. However, their performance in real-world deployments often that observed on benchmark settings, especially in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ruipeng Wang , Yuxin Chen , Yukai Wang , Chang Wu , Junfeng Fang , Xiaodong Cai , Qi Gu , Hui Su , An Zhang , Xiang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Tat-Seng Chua

In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-06-24 Marc G. Bellemare , Yavar Naddaf , Joel Veness , Michael Bowling

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

Effective coordination is crucial to solve multi-agent collaborative (MAC) problems. While centralized reinforcement learning methods can optimally solve small MAC instances, they do not scale to large problems and they fail to generalize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Nicolas Carion , Gabriel Synnaeve , Alessandro Lazaric , Nicolas Usunier

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly applied to engineering design tasks, yet existing evaluation frameworks do not adequately address multi-agent systems that combine simulation, retrieval, and manufacturing preparation. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Gioele Molinari , Florian Felten , Soheyl Massoudi , Mark Fuge

Agent systems often decompose a task across multiple roles, but these roles are typically specified by prompts rather than enforced by access controls. Without enforcement, a team pass rate can mask whether agents actually coordinated or…

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has paved the way for complex tasks such as role-playing, which enhances user interactions by enabling models to imitate various characters. However, the closed-source nature of state-of-the-art…

Current LLM agents are proficient at calling isolated APIs but struggle with the "last mile" of commercial software automation. In real-world scenarios, tools are not independent; they are atomic, interdependent, and prone to environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yuanyang Li , Xue Yang , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Hongyang Chen

The increasing agentic capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled their deployment in real-world applications, such as cloud services, where customer-assistant interactions exhibit high technical complexity and long-horizon…

Reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT) has shown promise for training LLM agents to perform multi-turn decision-making based on environment feedback. However, most existing evaluations remain largely in-domain: training and testing are conducted…

LLM agents can reason and use tools, but they often break down on long-horizon tasks due to unbounded context growth and accumulated errors. Common remedies such as context compression or retrieval-augmented prompting introduce trade-offs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Chenglin Yu , Yuchen Wang , Songmiao Wang , Hongxia Yang , Ming Li

We introduce MMBench-GUI, a hierarchical benchmark for evaluating GUI automation agents across Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, and Web platforms. It comprises four levels: GUI Content Understanding, Element Grounding, Task Automation,…

With the integration of large language models (LLMs), embodied agents have strong capabilities to understand and plan complicated natural language instructions. However, a foreseeable issue is that those embodied agents can also flawlessly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Sheng Yin , Xianghe Pang , Yuanzhuo Ding , Menglan Chen , Yutong Bi , Yichen Xiong , Wenhao Huang , Zhen Xiang , Jing Shao , Siheng Chen

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant advancements, particularly in their ability to serve as agents thereby surpassing their traditional role as chatbots. These agents can leverage their planning and tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yixing Jiang , Kameron C. Black , Gloria Geng , Danny Park , James Zou , Andrew Y. Ng , Jonathan H. Chen

Developing autonomous LLM agents capable of making a series of intelligent decisions to solve complex, real-world tasks is a fast-evolving frontier. Like human cognitive development, agents are expected to acquire knowledge and skills…

This paper introduces a decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning framework enabling structurally heterogeneous teams of agents to jointly discover and acquire randomly located targets in environments characterized by partial…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Gabriele Calzolari , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos