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Large Language Model (LLM) agents trained with reinforcement learning (RL) show great promise for solving complex, multi-step tasks. However, their performance is often crippled by "Context Explosion", where the accumulation of long text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Xuanzhang Liu , Jianglun Feng , Zhuoran Zhuang , Junzhe Zhao , Maofei Que , Jieting Li , Dianlei Wang , Hao Tong , Ye Chen , Pan Li

The necessity for cooperation among intelligent machines has popularised cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in AI research. However, many research endeavours heavily rely on parameter sharing among agents, which confines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Yifan Zhong , Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Xidong Feng , Siyi Hu , Jiaming Ji , Yaodong Yang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly developed as autonomous agents using reinforcement learning (agentic RL) that reason and act in interactive environments. However, sparse and sometimes unverifiable rewards make it extremely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xiaoqian Liu , Ke Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Junge Zhang , Jianbin Jiao

Sequential LLM agents fail on long-horizon planning with hard constraints like budgets and diversity requirements. As planning progresses and context grows, these agents drift from global constraints. We propose HiMAP-Travel, a hierarchical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 The Viet Bui , Wenjun Li , Yong Liu

In spite of the success of existing meta reinforcement learning methods, they still have difficulty in learning a meta policy effectively for RL problems with sparse reward. In this respect, we develop a novel meta reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Yun Hua , Xiangfeng Wang , Bo Jin , Wenhao Li , Junchi Yan , Xiaofeng He , Hongyuan Zha

Effective personalization on large-scale job platforms requires modeling members based on heterogeneous textual sources, including profiles, professional data, and search activity logs. As recommender systems increasingly adopt Large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Rajat Arora , Ye Tao , Jianqiang Shen , Ping Liu , Muchen Wu , Qianqi Shen , Benjamin Le , Fedor Borisyuk , Jingwei Wu , Wenjing Zhang

Hierarchical decomposition of control is unavoidable in large dynamical systems. In reinforcement learning (RL), it is usually solved with subgoals defined at higher policy levels and achieved at lower policy levels. Reaching these goals…

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have emerged as powerful autonomous controllers for digital environments, including mobile interfaces, operating systems, and web browsers. Web navigation, for example, requires handling dynamic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiyi Wang , Sian Gooding , Florian Hartmann , Oriana Riva , Edward Grefenstette

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in knowledge acquisition, reasoning, and tool use, making them promising candidates for autonomous agent applications. However, training LLM agents for complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hanjiang Hu , Changliu Liu , Na Li , Yebin Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) studies how an agent comes to achieve reward in an environment through interactions over time. Recent advances in machine RL have surpassed human expertise at the world's oldest board games and many classic video…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Pedro A. Tsividis , Joao Loula , Jake Burga , Nathan Foss , Andres Campero , Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Robotic systems are nowadays capable of solving complex navigation tasks. However, their capabilities are limited to the knowledge of the designer and consequently lack generalizability to initially unconsidered situations. This makes deep…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Christopher Gebauer , Nils Dengler , Maren Bennewitz

In this work, we introduce PIPER: Primitive-Informed Preference-based Hierarchical reinforcement learning via Hindsight Relabeling, a novel approach that leverages preference-based learning to learn a reward model, and subsequently uses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Utsav Singh , Wesley A. Suttle , Brian M. Sadler , Vinay P. Namboodiri , Amrit Singh Bedi

Solving robotic navigation tasks via reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging due to their sparse reward and long decision horizon nature. However, in many navigation tasks, high-level (HL) task representations, like a rough floor plan,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Jan Wöhlke , Felix Schmitt , Herke van Hoof

Hierarchical Instruction Following (HIF) refers to the problem of prompting large language models with a priority-ordered stack of instructions. Standard methods like RLHF and DPO typically fail in this problem since they mainly optimize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Keru Chen , Jun Luo , Sen Lin , Yingbin Liang , Alvaro Velasquez , Nathaniel Bastian , Shaofeng Zou

Large language model (LLM) agents excel at solving complex long-horizon tasks through autonomous interaction with environments. However, their real-world deployment faces a fundamental device--cloud dilemma: on-device models are efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yuxin Zhang , Mengxue Hu , Zheng Lin , Xiaoyi Fan , Fan Xie , Zihan Fang , Jing Yang , Wenjun Zhu , Zhiwen Chen , Chengfei Lv , Zhe Chen

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) has the potential to enable effective decision-making over long timescales. Existing approaches, while promising, have yet to realize the benefits of large-scale training. In this work, we identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Mikael Henaff , Scott Fujimoto , Michael Matthews , Michael Rabbat

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) addresses complex long-horizon tasks by skillfully decomposing them into subgoals. Therefore, the effectiveness of HRL is greatly influenced by subgoal reachability. Typical HRL methods only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Yu Luo , Fuchun Sun , Tianying Ji , Xianyuan Zhan

Optimization of hyper-parameters in reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms is a key task, because they determine how the agent will learn its policy by interacting with its environment, and thus what data is gathered. In this work, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Juan Cruz Barsce , Jorge A. Palombarini , Ernesto Martínez

Legged locomotion is a challenging task for learning algorithms, especially when the task requires a diverse set of primitive behaviors. To solve these problems, we introduce a hierarchical framework to automatically decompose complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Deepali Jain , Atil Iscen , Ken Caluwaerts

Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service is envisioned to enable use cases with strict reliability and latency requirements in 5G. One approach for enabling URLLC services is to leverage Reinforcement Learning (RL) to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-26 Wei Shi , Milad Ganjalizadeh , Hossein Shokri Ghadikolaei , Marina Petrova