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The use of Large Language Models for dialogue systems is rising, presenting a new challenge: how do we assess users' chat experience in these systems? Leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP)-powered dialog analyzers to create dialog…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Eason Chen

While modern dialogue systems heavily rely on large language models (LLMs), their implementation often goes beyond pure LLM interaction. Developers integrate multiple LLMs, external tools, and databases. Therefore, assessment of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Roman Mayr , Michel Schimpf , Thomas Bohné

One challenge for dialogue agents is recognizing feelings in the conversation partner and replying accordingly, a key communicative skill. While it is straightforward for humans to recognize and acknowledge others' feelings in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Hannah Rashkin , Eric Michael Smith , Margaret Li , Y-Lan Boureau

The lack of time-efficient and reliable evaluation methods hamper the development of conversational dialogue systems (chatbots). Evaluations requiring humans to converse with chatbots are time and cost-intensive, put high cognitive demands…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Jan Deriu , Don Tuggener , Pius von Däniken , Jon Ander Campos , Alvaro Rodrigo , Thiziri Belkacem , Aitor Soroa , Eneko Agirre , Mark Cieliebak

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in education raises profound challenges for assessment design. To adapt assessments to the presence of LLM-based tools, it is crucial to characterize the strengths and weaknesses of LLMs in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Licol Zeinfeld , Alona Strugatski , Ziva Bar-Dov , Ron Blonder , Shelley Rap , Giora Alexandron

User engagement is a critical metric for evaluating the quality of open-domain dialogue systems. Prior work has focused on conversation-level engagement by using heuristically constructed features such as the number of turns and the total…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Sarik Ghazarian , Ralph Weischedel , Aram Galstyan , Nanyun Peng

A Dialogue System is a system which interacts with human in natural language. At present many universities are developing the dialogue system in their regional language. This paper will discuss about dialogue system, its components,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-06-19 Suket Arora , Kamaljeet Batra , Sarabjit Singh

Evaluating the conversational abilities of large language models (LLMs) remains a challenging task. Current mainstream approaches primarily rely on the "LLM-as-a-judge" paradigm, where an LLM is prompted to serve as an evaluator to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Yuqi Tang , Kehua Feng , Yunfeng Wang , Zhiwen Chen , Chengfei Lv , Gang Yu , Qiang Zhang , Keyan Ding , Huajun Chen

Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh

For task-oriented dialog systems to be maximally useful, it must be able to process conversations in a way that is (1) generalizable with a small number of training examples for new task domains, and (2) robust to user input in various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Baolin Peng , Chunyuan Li , Zhu Zhang , Chenguang Zhu , Jinchao Li , Jianfeng Gao

Accurate estimates of item difficulty are essential for valid assessment and effective adaptive learning. However, for newly created tasks, response data are typically unavailable. Pretesting and expert judgement can be costly and slow,…

In task-oriented conversational AI evaluation, unsupervised methods poorly correlate with human judgments, and supervised approaches lack generalization. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) show robust zeroshot and few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Jinghan Jia , Abi Komma , Timothy Leffel , Xujun Peng , Ajay Nagesh , Tamer Soliman , Aram Galstyan , Anoop Kumar

Most prior work in dialogue modeling has been on written conversations mostly because of existing data sets. However, written dialogues are not sufficient to fully capture the nature of spoken conversations as well as the potential speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Seokhwan Kim , Yang Liu , Di Jin , Alexandros Papangelis , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Behnam Hedayatnia , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Fairness is an emerging and challenging topic in recommender systems. In recent years, various ways of evaluating and therefore improving fairness have emerged. In this study, we examine existing evaluation measures of fairness in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Theresia Veronika Rampisela , Maria Maistro , Tuukka Ruotsalo , Christina Lioma

Conversational AI systems are becoming famous in day to day lives. In this paper, we are trying to address the following key question: To identify whether design, as well as development efforts for search oriented conversational AI are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Mahipal Jadeja , Neelanshi Varia

As intelligent systems become more autonomous, the scientific community focuses on creating decision-making mechanisms that include ethical and moral considerations, unlike traditional utility-maximisation models. To achieve this, a key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Eduardo de la Cruz Fernández , Marcelo Karanik , Sascha Ossowski

We present "AutoJudge", an automated evaluation method for conversational dialogue systems. The method works by first generating dialogues based on self-talk, i.e. dialogue systems talking to itself. Then, it uses human ratings on these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Jan Deriu , Mark Cieliebak

This paper introduces an adversarial method to stress-test trained metrics to evaluate conversational dialogue systems. The method leverages Reinforcement Learning to find response strategies that elicit optimal scores from the trained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Jan Deriu , Don Tuggener , Pius von Däniken , Mark Cieliebak

Despite the valuable information contained in software chat messages, disentangling them into distinct conversations is an essential prerequisite for any in-depth analyses that utilize this information. To provide a better understanding of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Ziyou Jiang , Lin Shi , Celia Chen , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

Task-oriented dialogue systems (TDSs) are assessed mainly in an offline setting or through human evaluation. The evaluation is often limited to single-turn or is very time-intensive. As an alternative, user simulators that mimic user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Weiwei Sun , Shuyu Guo , Shuo Zhang , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren
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