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Measures of economic mobility represent aggregate values for how individual wealth changes over time. As such, these measures may not describe the feasibility of a typical individual to change their wealth. To address this limitation, we…
Measuring distances in a multidimensional setting is a challenging problem, which appears in many fields of science and engineering. In this paper, to measure the distance between two multivariate distributions, we introduce a new measure…
Representation learning seeks meaningful sensory representations without supervision and can model aspects of human development. Although many neural networks empirically learn useful features, a principled account of what makes a…
Classical mathematical statistics deals with models that are parametrized by a Euclidean, i.e. finite dimensional, parameter. Quite often such models have been and still are chosen in practical situations for their mathematical simplicity…
Reconstruction-based anomaly detection models achieve their purpose by suppressing the generalization ability for anomaly. However, diverse normal patterns are consequently not well reconstructed as well. Although some efforts have been…
Grokking -- the abrupt transition from memorization to generalization long after near-zero training loss -- has been studied mainly in single-task settings. We extend geometric analysis to multi-task modular arithmetic, training…
We present here a general framework, expressed by a system of nonlinear differential equations, suitable for the modelling of taxation and redistribution in a closed (trading market) society. This framework allows to describe the evolution…
In this note we give several characterisations of weights for two-weight Hardy inequalities to hold on general metric measure spaces possessing polar decompositions. Since there may be no differentiable structure on such spaces, the…
We study here the error of numerical integration on metric measure spaces adapted to a decomposition of the space into disjoint subsets. We consider both the error for a single given function, and the worst case error for all functions in a…
Weak measurement of a quantum system followed by postselection based on a subsequent strong measurement gives rise to a quantity called the weak value: a complex number for which the interpretation has long been debated. We analyse the…
Urban scaling analysis, the study of how aggregated urban features vary with the population of an urban area, provides a promising framework for discovering commonalities across cities and uncovering dynamics shared by cities across time…
We investigate the arithmetic-harmonic inequality (AHI) index, a bounded and scale-invariant measure of dispersion for positive random variables, defined through the interplay between the mean and its reciprocal. We derive analytical…
For classical systems, expectation value of macroscopic property in equilibrium state can be typically provided through thermodynamic (so-called canonical) average, where summation is taken over possible states in phase space (or in…
We give an introductory account of the recently identified gauge invariance of the equilibrium statistical mechanics of classical many-body systems [J. M\"uller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 217101 (2024)]. The gauge…
The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is a foundational measure for comparing probability distributions. Yet in multivariate settings, its single value often obscures the underlying reasons for divergence, conflating mismatches in individual…
Disaggregated evaluation across subgroups is critical for assessing the fairness of machine learning models, but its uncritical use can mislead practitioners. We show that equal performance across subgroups is an unreliable measure of…
A fundamental functional in nonparametric statistics is the Mann-Whitney functional ${\theta} = P (X < Y )$ , which constitutes the basis for the most popular nonparametric procedures. The functional ${\theta}$ measures a location or…
We study a deformation of infinitesimal diffeomorphisms of a smooth manifold. The deformation is based on a general twist. This leads to a differential geometry on a noncommutative algebra of functions whose product is a star-product. The…
The statistical measure of spatial inhomogeneity for n points placed in chi cells each of size kxk is generalized to incorporate finite size objects like black pixels for binary patterns of size LxL. As a function of length scale k, the…
Quantum coherence, nonlocality, and contextuality are key resources for quantum advantage in metrology, communication, and computation. We introduce a graph-based approach to derive classicality inequalities that bound local,…