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There exist situations of decision-making under information overload in the Internet, where people have an overwhelming number of available options to choose from, e.g. products to buy in an e-commerce site, or restaurants to visit in a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-14 Ivan Palomares , Carlos Porcel , Luiz Pizzato , Ido Guy , Enrique Herrera-Viedma

Recommender systems are significant to help people deal with the world of information explosion and overload. In this Letter, we develop a general framework named self-consistent refinement and implement it be embedding two representative…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2008-06-10 Jie Ren , Tao Zhou , Yi-Cheng Zhang

In the landscape of Recommender System (RS) applications, reinforcement learning (RL) has recently emerged as a powerful tool, primarily due to its proficiency in optimizing long-term rewards. Nevertheless, it suffers from instability in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ziru Liu , Shuchang Liu , Zijian Zhang , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Kesen Zhao , Lantao Hu , Peng Jiang , Kun Gai

Meta-reinforcement learning (Meta-RL) facilitates rapid adaptation to unseen tasks but faces challenges in long-horizon environments. Skill-based approaches tackle this by decomposing state-action sequences into reusable skills and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Sanghyeon Lee , Sangjun Bae , Yisak Park , Seungyul Han

Route recommendation systems commonly adopt a multi-stage pipeline involving fine-ranking and re-ranking to produce high-quality ordered recommendations. However, this paradigm faces three critical limitations. First, there is a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chao Chen , Longfei Xu , Daohan Su , Tengfei Liu , Hanyu Guo , Yihai Duan , Kaikui Liu , Xiangxiang Chu

Recommender Systems (RS) play an integral role in enhancing user experiences by providing personalized item suggestions. This survey reviews the progress in RS inclusively from 2017 to 2024, effectively connecting theoretical advances with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Shaina Raza , Mizanur Rahman , Safiullah Kamawal , Armin Toroghi , Ananya Raval , Farshad Navah , Amirmohammad Kazemeini

Software capable of improving itself has been a dream of computer scientists since the inception of the field. In this work we provide definitions for Recursively Self-Improving software, survey different types of self-improving software,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Roman V. Yampolskiy

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown promise for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to follow instructions with various constraints. Despite the encouraging results, RL improvement inevitably relies on sampling successful, high-quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Kongcheng Zhang , Qi Yao , Shunyu Liu , Wenjian Zhang , Min Cen , Yang Zhou , Wenkai Fang , Yiru Zhao , Baisheng Lai , Mingli Song

Session-based Recommendation (SR) systems have recently achieved considerable success, yet their complex, "black box" nature often obscures why certain recommendations are made. Existing explanation methods struggle to pinpoint truly…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Han Zhou , Hui Fang , Zhu Sun , Wentao Hu

Most sequential recommendation models capture the features of consecutive items in a user-item interaction history. Though effective, their representation expressiveness is still hindered by the sparse learning signals. As a result, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Xu Yuan , Hongshen Chen , Yonghao Song , Xiaofang Zhao , Zhuoye Ding , Zhen He , Bo Long

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown rapid improvements in reasoning capabilities, driven largely by reinforcement learning (RL) with verifiable rewards. Here, we ask whether these LLMs can self-improve without the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yufan Zhuang , Chandan Singh , Liyuan Liu , Yelong Shen , Dinghuai Zhang , Jingbo Shang , Jianfeng Gao , Weizhu Chen

In this paper, we propose a theoretically founded sequential strategy for training large-scale Recommender Systems (RS) over implicit feedback, mainly in the form of clicks. The proposed approach consists in minimizing pairwise ranking loss…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Aleksandra Burashnikova , Marianne Clausel , Charlotte Laclau , Frack Iutzeller , Yury Maximov , Massih-Reza Amini

Industrial recommender systems face the challenge of operating in non-stationary environments, where data distribution shifts arise from evolving user behaviors over time. To tackle this challenge, a common approach is to periodically…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Jieming Zhu , Guohao Cai , Junjie Huang , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang , Weinan Zhang

Reinforcement Learning-based Recommender Systems (RLRS) have shown promise across a spectrum of applications, from e-commerce platforms to streaming services. Yet, they grapple with challenges, notably in crafting reward functions and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Siyu Wang , Xiaocong Chen , Lina Yao

Modern recommender systems operate in uniquely dynamic settings: user interests, item pools, and popularity trends shift continuously, and models must adapt in real time without forgetting past preferences. While existing tutorials on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hyunsik Yoo , SeongKu Kang , Hanghang Tong

In real-world scenarios, most platforms collect both large-scale, naturally noisy implicit feedback and small-scale yet highly relevant explicit feedback. Due to the issue of data sparsity, implicit feedback is often the default choice for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Yingqiang Ge , Mostafa Rahmani , Athirai Irissappane , Jose Sepulveda , James Caverlee , Fei Wang

User simulation is increasingly vital to develop and evaluate recommender systems (RSs). While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising avenues to simulate user behavior, they often struggle with the absence of specific task alignment…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Tianjun Wei , Huizhong Guo , Yingpeng Du , Zhu Sun , Huang Chen , Dongxia Wang , Jie Zhang

The recursive model index (RMI) has recently been introduced as a machine-learned replacement for traditional indexes over sorted data, achieving remarkably fast lookups. Follow-up work focused on explaining RMI's performance and…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Marcel Maltry , Jens Dittrich

Recommender System (RS) is currently an effective way to solve information overload. To meet users' next click behavior, RS needs to collect users' personal information and behavior to achieve a comprehensive and profound user preference…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Jiangcheng Qin , Baisong Liu

Learning systems are typically optimized by minimizing loss or maximizing reward, assuming that improvements in these signals reflect progress toward the true objective. However, when feedback reliability is unobservable, this assumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhipeng Zhang , Zhenjie Yao , Kai Li , Lei Yang