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Approximate K nearest neighbor (AKNN) search is a fundamental and challenging problem. We observe that in high-dimensional space, the time consumption of nearly all AKNN algorithms is dominated by that of the distance comparison operations…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Jianyang Gao , Cheng Long

In this paper we present an efficient method for visual descriptors retrieval based on compact hash codes computed using a multiple k-means assignment. The method has been applied to the problem of approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-05-11 Simone Ercoli , Marco Bertini , Alberto Del Bimbo

Maximum Inner Product Search (MIPS) for high-dimensional vectors is pivotal across databases, information retrieval, and artificial intelligence. Existing methods either reduce MIPS to Nearest Neighbor Search (NNS) while suffering from…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Tingyang Chen , Cong Fu , Kun Wang , Xiangyu Ke , Yunjun Gao , Wenchao Zhou , Yabo Ni , Anxiang Zeng

Vector search, the task of finding the k-nearest neighbors of a query vector against a database of high-dimensional vectors, underpins many machine learning applications, including retrieval-augmented generation, recommendation systems, and…

The k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm is a cornerstone of non-parametric classification in artificial intelligence, yet its deployment in large-scale applications is persistently constrained by the computational trade-off between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Jiaye Li , Gang Chen , Hang Xu , Shichao Zhang

We consider the fundamental problem of decomposing a large-scale approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) problem into smaller sub-problems. The goal is to partition the input points into neighborhood-preserving shards, so that the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Lars Gottesbüren , Laxman Dhulipala , Rajesh Jayaram , Jakub Lacki

This paper considers the problem of approximate nearest neighbor search in the compressed domain. We introduce polysemous codes, which offer both the distance estimation quality of product quantization and the efficient comparison of binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Matthijs Douze , Hervé Jégou , Florent Perronnin

Efficient Maximum Inner Product Search (MIPS) is an important task that has a wide applicability in recommendation systems and classification with a large number of classes. Solutions based on locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) as well as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-01 Alex Auvolat , Sarath Chandar , Pascal Vincent , Hugo Larochelle , Yoshua Bengio

Approximate $k$ nearest neighbor (AKNN) search in high-dimensional space is a foundational problem in vector databases with widespread applications. Among the numerous AKNN indexes, Proximity Graph-based indexes achieve state-of-the-art…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Liuchang Jing , Mingyu Yang , Lei Li , Jianbin Qin , Wei Wang

K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) search is a fundamental algorithm in artificial intelligence software with applications in robotics, and autonomous vehicles. These wide-ranging applications utilize KNN either directly for simple classification or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Aryan Naim , Joseph Bowkett , Sisir Karumanchi , Peyman Tavallali , Brett Kennedy

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is a fundamental operation in vector databases, enabling efficient similarity search in high-dimensional spaces. While dense ANNS has been optimized using specialized hardware accelerators, sparse…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Tianqi Zhang , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing

We focus on Maximum Inner Product Search (MIPS), which is an essential problem in many machine learning communities. Given a query, MIPS finds the most similar items with the maximum inner products. Methods for Nearest Neighbor Search (NNS)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Chao Feng , Defu Lian , Xiting Wang , Zheng liu , Xing Xie , Enhong Chen

ANNS for embedded vector representations of texts is commonly used in information retrieval, with two important information representations being sparse and dense vectors. While it has been shown that combining these representations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haoyu Zhang , Jun Liu , Zhenhua Zhu , Shulin Zeng , Maojia Sheng , Tao Yang , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Modern retrieval systems increasingly require integrating approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) with complex attribute filtering to handle hybrid queries in applications such as recommendation systems and retrieval-augmented generation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Junjie Song , Yu Liu , Guoyu Hu , Zhongle Xie , Ming Yang , Beng Chin Ooi , Ke Zhou

The $k$-nearest neighbor graph (KNNG) on high-dimensional data is a data structure widely used in many applications such as similarity search, dimension reduction and clustering. Due to its increasing popularity, several methods under the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Liu Yingfan , Cheng Hong , Cui Jiangtao

Graph-based approaches to nearest neighbor search are popular and powerful tools for handling large datasets in practice, but they have limited theoretical guarantees. We study the worst-case performance of recent graph-based approximate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Piotr Indyk , Haike Xu

Explainable AI (XAI) methods often struggle to generate clear, interpretable outputs for users without domain expertise. We introduce Feature-Guided Neighbor Selection (FGNS), a post hoc method that enhances interpretability by selecting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Courtney Ford , Mark T. Keane

Template matching is a fundamental problem in computer vision with applications in fields including object detection, image registration, and object tracking. Current methods rely on nearest-neighbour (NN) matching, where the query feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Ankit Gupta , Ida-Maria Sintorn

Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search in high-dimensional metric spaces is a fundamental problem with many applications. Over the past decade, proximity graph (PG)-based indexes have demonstrated superior empirical performance over…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Binhong Li , Xiao Yan , Shangqi Lu

Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a crucial problem in information retrieval and AI applications. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in graph-based ANNS algorithms due to their superior efficiency and accuracy.…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zhenxin Li , Shuibing He , Jiahao Guo , Xuechen Zhang , Xian-He Sun , Gang Chen