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Characterizing the interactions and dynamics of quantum mechanical systems is an essential task in the development of quantum technologies. We propose an efficient protocol based on the estimation of the time derivatives of few qubit…

We present an efficient algorithm for simulating open quantum systems dynamics described by the Lindblad master equation on quantum computers, addressing key challenges in the field. In contrast to existing approaches, our method achieves…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Giovanni Di Bartolomeo , Michele Vischi , Tommaso Feri , Angelo Bassi , Sandro Donadi

We propose a resource-efficient shadow-tomography scheme using equatorial-stabilizer measurements generated from subsets of Clifford unitaries. For $n$-qubit systems, equatorial-stabilizer-based shadow-tomography schemes can estimate $M$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Guedong Park , Yong Siah Teo , Hyunseok Jeong

Estimating many local expectation values over time is a central measurement bottleneck in quantum simulation and device characterization. We study the task of reconstructing the Pauli-signal matrix $S_{ij}=\text{Tr}(O_i \rho(t_j))$ for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Joseph Barreto , Daniel Lidar

Characterising quantum processes is a key task in and constitutes a challenge for the development of quantum technologies, especially at the noisy intermediate scale of today's devices. One method for characterising processes is randomised…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Ingo Roth , Richard Kueng , Shelby Kimmel , Yi-Kai Liu , David Gross , Jens Eisert , Martin Kliesch

Quantum measurements are slow, while classical processors are fast, yet existing hybrid protocols never exploit this asymmetry. In this work, we propose an alternative formulation of classical estimators as online algorithms that are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Marwa Marso , Sabrina Herbst , Jadwiga Wilkens , Vincenzo De Maio , Ivona Brandic , Richard Kueng

The temporal evolution of a quantum system can be characterized by quantum process tomography, a complex task that consumes a number of physical resources scaling exponentially with the number of subsystems. An alternative approach to the…

We introduce the task of shadow process simulation, where the goal is to simulate the estimation of the expectation values of arbitrary quantum observables at the output of a target physical process. When the sender and receiver share…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Xuanqiang Zhao , Xin Wang , Giulio Chiribella

There has been tremendous progress in the physical realization of quantum computing hardware in recent times, bringing us closer than ever before to realizing the promise of quantum computing. However, noise continues to pose a crucial…

We introduce a method to enforce some symmetries starting from a trial wave-function prepared on quantum computers that might not respect these symmetries. The technique eliminates the necessity for performing the projection on the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Edgar Andres Ruiz Guzman , Denis Lacroix

A crucial subroutine for various quantum computing and communication algorithms is to efficiently extract different classical properties of quantum states. In a notable recent theoretical work by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-19 Ting Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao-Xu Fang , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan , He Lu

Classical shadows provide a versatile framework for estimating many properties of quantum states from repeated, randomly chosen measurements without requiring full quantum state tomography. When prior information is available, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Jacob Bringewatt , Henry Froland , Andreas Elben , Niklas Mueller

The performance of a quantum processor depends on the characteristics of the device and the quality of the control pulses. Characterizing cloud-based quantum computers and calibrating the pulses that control them is necessary for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-20 Caroline Tornow , Naoki Kanazawa , William E. Shanks , Daniel J. Egger

Predicting properties of large-scale quantum systems is crucial for the development of quantum science and technology. Shadow estimation is an efficient method for this task based on randomized measurements, where many-qubit random Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-24 Qingyue Zhang , Qing Liu , You Zhou

Improving the performance of quantum algorithms is a fundamental task to achieve quantum advantage. In many cases, extracting information from quantum systems poses an important challenge for practical implementations in real-world quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-28 Leticia Bertuzzi , João P. Engster , Evandro C. R. da Rosa , Eduardo I. Duzzioni

Quantum state tomography (QST) remains the prevailing method for benchmarking and verifying quantum devices; however, its application to large quantum systems is rendered impractical due to the exponential growth in both the required number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Zhen Qin , Joseph M. Lukens , Brian T. Kirby , Zhihui Zhu

We provide a new perspective on shadow tomography by demonstrating its deep connections with the general theory of measurement frames. By showing that the formalism of measurement frames offers a natural framework for shadow tomography --…

Distributed quantum computing offers a promising approach to scaling quantum devices by networking multiple quantum processors. We present a quantum state tomography protocol tailored for distributed quantum computers that avoids assuming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Hans Mättig-Vásquez , Aldo Delgado , Luciano Pereira

As quantum technology matures, the efficient benchmarking of quantum devices remains a key challenge. Although sample-efficient, information-theoretic benchmarking techniques have recently been proposed, there is still a gap in adapting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Ana Silva , Eliska Greplova

We present and test a protocol to learn the matrix-product operator (MPO) representation of an experimentally prepared quantum state. The protocol takes as an input classical shadows corresponding to local randomized measurements, and…

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