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Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) caching is widely used to reduce repeated computation and improve CI/CD efficiency, yet maintaining effective caching requires ongoing maintenance effort. In this paper, we present the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Kazi Amit Hasan , Yuan Tian , Safwat Hassan , Steven H. H. Ding

Developers often struggle with maintaining GitHub Actions workflow configurations in GitHub-hosted repositories, with recent studies showing frequent execution failures. This paper empirically explores how the adoption and evolution of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Aref Talebzadeh Bardsiri , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

GitHub natively supports workflow automation through GitHub Actions. Yet, workflow maintenance is often considered a burden for software developers, who frequently face difficulties in writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining workflows.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hassan Onsori Delicheh , Guillaume Cardoen , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

Automated tools are frequently used in social coding repositories to perform repetitive activities that are part of the distributed software development process. Recently, GitHub introduced GitHub Actions, a feature providing automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Timothy Kinsman , Mairieli Wessel , Marco A. Gerosa , Christoph Treude

In open-source projects, anyone can contribute, so it is important to have an active continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline in addition to a protocol for reporting security concerns, especially in projects that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jessy Ayala , Joshua Garcia

Large-scale software development has become a highly collaborative and geographically distributed endeavour, especially in open-source software development ecosystems and their associated developer communities. It has given rise to modern…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Mairieli Wessel , Tom Mens , Alexandre Decan , Pooya Rostami Mazrae

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) have become fundamental to modern software development, with GitHub Actions (GHA) emerging as a dominant automation platform. In this study, we analyze real-world execution records of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ali Khatami , Carolin Brandt , Andy Zaidman

GitHub introduced "Actions" in 2019 to increase workflow velocity and add customized automation to the repositories. Any individual can develop Actions for automating workflow on GitHub repositories and others can reuse them whenever open…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Sk Golam Saroar , Maleknaz Nayebi

GitHub Actions (GA) is an orchestration platform that streamlines the automatic execution of software engineering tasks such as building, testing, and deployment. Although GA workflows are the primary means for automation, according to our…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Pablo Valenzuela-Toledo , Alexandre Bergel , Timo Kehrer , Oscar Nierstrasz

Continuous Integration (CI) has evolved from a tooling strategy to a fundamental mindset in modern CI engineering. It enables teams to develop, test, and deliver software rapidly and collaboratively. Among CI services, GitHub Actions (GHA)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Edward Abrokwah , Taher A. Ghaleb

The demand for quick and reliable DevOps operations pushed distributors of repository platforms to implement workflows. Workflows allow automating code management operations directly on the repository hosting the software. However, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Giacomo Benedetti , Luca Verderame , Alessio Merlo

Background. The rapid and growing popularity of machine learning (ML) applications has led to an increasing interest in MLOps, that is, the practice of continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) of ML-enabled systems. Aims. Since changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Fabio Calefato , Filippo Lanubile , Luigi Quaranta

Numerous articles emphasize the benefits of implementing Continuous Integration and Delivery (CI/CD) pipelines in software development. These pipelines are expected to improve the reputation of a project and decrease the number of commits…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Jeffrey Fairbanks , Akshharaa Tharigonda , Nasir U. Eisty

GitHub workflows or GitHub CI is a popular continuous integration platform that enables developers to automate various software engineering tasks by specifying them as workflows, i.e., YAML files with a list of jobs. However, engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Xinyu Zhang , Siddharth Muralee , Sourag Cherupattamoolayil , Aravind Machiry

DevOps is a combination of methodologies and tools that improves the software development, build, deployment, and monitoring processes by shortening its lifecycle and improving software quality. Part of this process is CI/CD, which embodies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Hugo da Gião , André Flores , Rui Pereira , Jácome Cunha

AI agents are increasingly used in software development, yet their interaction with CI/CD configurations is not well studied. We analyze 8,031 agentic pull requests (PRs) from 1,605 GitHub repositories where AI agents touch YAML…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Taher A. Ghaleb

GitHub is the largest code hosting platform, with millions of repositories spanning multiple technologies. Despite this, little is known about the actual contents of GitHub's repositories in the wild. This paper presents an initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Andre Hora , João Eduardo Montandon , Diego Elias Costa

Continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) are nowadays at the core of software development. Their benefits come at the cost of setting up and maintaining the CI/CD pipeline, which requires knowledge and skills often orthogonal to those…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Antonio Mastropaolo , Fiorella Zampetti , Gabriele Bavota , Massimiliano Di Penta

AI-based code review tools automatically review and comment on pull requests to improve code quality. Despite their growing presence, little is known about their actual impact. We present a large-scale empirical study of 16 popular AI-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Kexin Sun , Hongyu Kuang , Sebastian Baltes , Xin Zhou , He Zhang , Xiaoxing Ma , Guoping Rong , Dong Shao , Christoph Treude

GitHub Actions (GHA) CI workflows are critical infrastructure, but current tooling offers only syntactic or heuristic checks and does not enforce documented best practices for security, maintainability, or performance. Consequently, issues…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Edward Abrokwah , Taher A. Ghaleb
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