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To meet strict Service-Level Objectives (SLOs),contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs) decouple the prefill and decoding stages and place them on separate GPUs to mitigate the distinct bottlenecks inherent to each phase. However, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junhan Liao , Minxian Xu , Wanyi Zheng , Yan Wang , Kejiang Ye , Rajkumar Buyya , Chengzhong Xu

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) extend Large Language Models (LLMs) by handling diverse inputs such as images, audio, and video, but at the cost of adding a multimodal encoding stage that increases both computational and memory overhead.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Gursimran Singh , Xinglu Wang , Yifan Hu , Timothy Yu , Linzi Xing , Wei Jiang , Zhefeng Wang , Xiaolong Bai , Yi Li , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

Existing large language model (LLM) serving systems fall into two categories: 1) a unified system where prefill phase and decode phase are co-located on the same GPU, sharing the unified computational resource and storage, and 2) a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ke Hong , Lufang Chen , Zhong Wang , Xiuhong Li , Qiuli Mao , Jianping Ma , Chao Xiong , Guanyu Wu , Buhe Han , Guohao Dai , Yun Liang , Yu Wang

Prefill-Decode (P/D) disaggregation has emerged as a widely adopted optimization strategy for Large Language Model (LLM) inference. However, there currently exists no well-established methodology for determining the optimal number of P/D…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Luchang Li , Dongfang Li , Bozhao Gong , Yu Zhang

Transformer-based large language model (LLM) inference serving is now the backbone of many cloud services. LLM inference consists of a prefill phase and a decode phase. However, existing LLM deployment practices often overlook the distinct…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Cunchen Hu , Heyang Huang , Liangliang Xu , Xusheng Chen , Jiang Xu , Shuang Chen , Hao Feng , Chenxi Wang , Sa Wang , Yungang Bao , Ninghui Sun , Yizhou Shan

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities across various tasks, but their deployment is constrained by high computational and memory costs. Model pruning provides an effective means to alleviate these demands.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hao Zhang , Mengsi Lyu , Zhuo Chen , Xingrun Xing , Yulong Ao , Yonghua Lin

Prefill-Decode (PD) disaggregation has become the standard architecture for modern LLM inference engines, which alleviates the interference of two distinctive workloads. With the growing demand for multi-turn interactions in chatbots and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Zongze Li , Jingyu Liu , Zhen Xu , Yineng Zhang , Tahseen Rabbani , Ce Zhang

In large language model (LLM) serving systems, executing each request consists of two phases: the compute-intensive prefill phase and the memory-intensive decoding phase. To prevent performance interference between the two phases, current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yunkai Liang , Zhangyu Chen , Pengfei Zuo , Zhi Zhou , Xu Chen , Zhou Yu

Modern large language model (LLM) inference has progressively disaggregated to keep pace with growing model sizes and tight TTFT and TPOT service-level objectives: from chunked-prefill aggregation, to prefill-decode (P/D) disaggregation,…

LLM-based applications have been widely used in various industries, but with the increasing of models size, an efficient large language model (LLM) inference system is an urgent problem to be solved for service providers. Since the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xing Chen , Rong Shi , Lu Zhao , Lingbin Wang , Xiao Jin , Yueqiang Chen , Hongfeng Sun

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been rapidly advancing, enabling cross-modal understanding and generation, and propelling artificial intelligence towards artificial general intelligence. However, existing MLLM inference…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xianzhe Dong , Tongxuan Liu , Yuting Zeng , Liangyu Liu , Yang Liu , Siyu Wu , Yu Wu , Hailong Yang , Ke Zhang , Jing Li

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance in generative tasks but also introduce significant challenges in real-world serving due to inefficient use of the expensive, computation-optimized accelerators.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Shaoyuan Chen , Wencong Xiao , Yutong Lin , Mingxing Zhang , Yingdi Shan , Jinlei Jiang , Kang Chen , Yongwei Wu

The evolution of Large Language Models from the Transformer architecture to models with trillions of parameters has shifted the primary bottleneck from model training to real time inference. Deploying these massive models is a complex…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Madabattula Rajesh Kumar , Srinivasa Rao Aravilli , Mustafa Saify , Shashank Srivastava

DistServe improves the performance of large language models (LLMs) serving by disaggregating the prefill and decoding computation. Existing LLM serving systems colocate the two phases and batch the computation of prefill and decoding across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yinmin Zhong , Shengyu Liu , Junda Chen , Jianbo Hu , Yibo Zhu , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin , Hao Zhang

With the widespread adoption of large multimodal models, efficient inference across text, image, audio, and video modalities has become critical. However, existing multimodal inference systems typically employ monolithic architectures that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Fan Bai , Pai Peng , Zhengzhi Tang , Zhe Wang , Gong Chen , Xiang Lu , Yinuo Li , Huan Lin , Weizhe Lin , Yaoyuan Wang , Xiaosong Li

Attentio-FFN disaggregation (AFD) is an emerging architecture for LLM decoding that separates state-heavy, KV-cache-dominated Attention computation from stateless, compute-intensive FFN computation, connected by per-step communication.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Chendong Song , Meixuan Wang , Hang Zhou , Hong Liang , Yuan Lyu , Zixi Chen , Yuwei Fan , Zijie Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained popularity in recent years, driving up the demand for inference. LLM inference is composed of two phases with distinct characteristics: a compute-bound prefill phase followed by a memory-bound decode…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hengrui Zhang , Pratyush Patel , August Ning , David Wentzlaff

Prefill/decode disaggregation is increasingly adopted in LLM serving to improve the latency-throughput tradeoff and meet strict TTFT and TPOT SLOs. However, LLM inference remains energy-hungry: autoscaling alone is too coarse-grained to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Omar Basit , Yunzhao Liu , Z. Jonny Kong , Y. Charlie Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in both latency-sensitive online services and cost-sensitive offline workloads. Co-locating these workloads on shared serving instances can improve resource utilization, but directly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Siyu Wu , Zihan Tang , Yuting Zeng , Hui Chen , Guiguang Ding , Tongxuan Liu , Ke Zhang , Hailong Yang

Existing large language model (LLM) serving systems typically employ Prefill-Decode disaggregated architecture to prevent computational interference between the prefill and decode phases. However, in real-world LLM serving scenarios,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yu Wu , Tongxuan Liu , Yuting Zeng , Siyu Wu , Jun Xiong , Xianzhe Dong , Hailong Yang , Ke Zhang , Jing Li
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