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Large language models (LLMs) often fail to scale their performance on long-context tasks performance in line with the context lengths they support. This gap is commonly attributed to retrieval failures -- the models' inability to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yufeng Du , Minyang Tian , Srikanth Ronanki , Subendhu Rongali , Sravan Bodapati , Aram Galstyan , Azton Wells , Roy Schwartz , Eliu A Huerta , Hao Peng

Current evaluation paradigms for large language models (LLMs) characterize models and datasets separately, yielding coarse descriptions: items in datasets are treated as pre-labeled entries, and models are summarized by overall scores such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Luzhou Peng , Zhengxin Yang , Honglu Ji , Yikang Yang , Fanda Fan , Wanling Gao , Jiayuan Ge , Yilin Han , Jianfeng Zhan

While large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automatic judges for question answering (QA) and other reference-conditioned evaluation tasks, little is known about their ability to adhere to a provided reference. We identify a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Dongryeol Lee , Yerin Hwang , Taegwan Kang , Minwoo Lee , Younhyung Chae , Kyomin Jung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been suggested for use in automated vulnerability repair, but benchmarks showing they can consistently identify security-related bugs are lacking. We thus develop SecLLMHolmes, a fully automated evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Saad Ullah , Mingji Han , Saurabh Pujar , Hammond Pearce , Ayse Coskun , Gianluca Stringhini

As reasoning LLMs increasingly trade tokens for accuracy through deliberation, search, and self-correction, a single accuracy score can no longer tell whether those tokens buy useful reasoning, recovery from hard instances, or unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Daniel Kaiser , Arnoldo Frigessi , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Benjamin Ricaud

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capability in language generation and understanding, but their tendency to hallucinate and produce factually incorrect information remains a key limitation. To verify LLM-generated contents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Kushan Mitra , Dan Zhang , Sajjadur Rahman , Estevam Hruschka

In this work, we assess the ability of foundation models to recall encyclopedic knowledge across a wide range of linguistic contexts. To support this, we: 1) produce a 20-language dataset that contains 303k factual associations paired with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Tim Schott , Daniel Furman , Shreshta Bhat

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

The training data for many Large Language Models (LLMs) is contaminated with test data. This means that public benchmarks used to assess LLMs are compromised, suggesting a performance gap between benchmark scores and actual capabilities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jacob Haimes , Cenny Wenner , Kunvar Thaman , Vassil Tashev , Clement Neo , Esben Kran , Jason Schreiber

As the modern tools of choice for text understanding and generation, large language models (LLMs) are expected to accurately output answers by leveraging the input context. This requires LLMs to possess both context-faithfulness and factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Baolong Bi , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Lingrui Mei , Junfeng Fang , Hongcheng Gao , Shiyu Ni , Xueqi Cheng

LLMs are remarkable artifacts that have revolutionized a range of NLP and AI tasks. A significant contributor is their factual knowledge, which, to date, remains poorly understood, and is usually analyzed from biased samples. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shrestha Ghosh , Luca Giordano , Yujia Hu , Tuan-Phong Nguyen , Simon Razniewski

Recent progress in natural language processing (NLP) owes much to remarkable advances in large language models (LLMs). Nevertheless, LLMs frequently "hallucinate," resulting in non-factual outputs. Our carefully-designed human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Jian Guan , Jesse Dodge , David Wadden , Minlie Huang , Hao Peng

Question answering models can use rich knowledge sources -- up to one hundred retrieved passages and parametric knowledge in the large-scale language model (LM). Prior work assumes information in such knowledge sources is consistent with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Hung-Ting Chen , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Eunsol Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate inaccurate responses (hallucinations) when faced with questions beyond their knowledge scope. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this by leveraging external knowledge, but a critical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Haoxiang Jin , Ronghan Li , Zixiang Lu , Qiguang Miao

Modeling human language requires the ability to not only generate fluent text but also encode factual knowledge. However, traditional language models are only capable of remembering facts seen at training time, and often have difficulty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Robert L. Logan , Nelson F. Liu , Matthew E. Peters , Matt Gardner , Sameer Singh

LLMs and AI chatbots have improved people's efficiency in various fields. However, the necessary knowledge for answering the question may be beyond the models' knowledge boundaries. To mitigate this issue, many researchers try to introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yi Liu , Lianzhe Huang , Shicheng Li , Sishuo Chen , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit significant behavioral shifts when they perceive a change from a real-world deployment context to a controlled evaluation setting, a phenomenon known as "evaluation awareness." This discrepancy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Lang Xiong , Nishant Bhargava , Jianhang Hong , Jeremy Chang , Haihao Liu , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly rely on external memory systems to remain consistent across long-horizon interactions, but little empirical work has been done to understand the specific failure modes and design choices that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Ishir Garg , Neel Kolhe , Dawn Song , Xuandong Zhao

While scaling laws govern aggregate large language model performance, no scaling law has linked factual recall to both model size and training-data composition. We evaluated 38 models on over 8,900 scholarly references evaluated by an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Matthew L. Smith , Jonathan P. Shock , Samuel T. Segun , Iyiola E. Olatunji , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Knowledge gaps and hallucinations are persistent challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs), which generate unreliable responses when lacking the necessary information to fulfill user instructions. Existing approaches, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Riccardo Pozzi , Matteo Palmonari , Andrea Coletta , Luigi Bellomarini , Jens Lehmann , Sahar Vahdati