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Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter significant performance bottlenecks in long-sequence tasks due to the computational complexity and memory overhead inherent in the self-attention mechanism. To address these challenges, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ziming Wang , Xiang Wang , Kailong Peng , Lang Qin , Juan Gabriel Kostelec , Christos Sourmpis , Axel Laborieux , Qinghai Guo

Agentic systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in recommender systems but remain hindered by several challenges. Fine-tuning LLMs is parameter-inefficient, and prompt-based agentic reasoning is limited…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minh-Duc Nguyen , Hai-Dang Kieu , Dung D. Le

LLM agents that operate over long context depend on external memory to accumulate knowledge over time. However, existing methods typically store each observation as a single deterministic conclusion (e.g., inferring "API~X failed" from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Junfeng Liao , Qizhou Wang , Jianing Zhu , Bo Du , Rui Yan , Xiuying Chen

Memory systems are fundamental to AI agents, yet existing work often lacks adaptability to diverse tasks and overlooks the constructive and task-oriented role of AI agent memory. Drawing from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shian Jia , Ziyang Huang , Xinbo Wang , Haofei Zhang , Mingli Song

Multi-agent LLM frameworks are widely used to accelerate the development of agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs). These frameworks impose distinct architectural structures that govern how agents interact, store information,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Abdelghny Orogat , Ana Rostam , Essam Mansour

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as effective action policies for sequential decision-making (SDM) tasks due to their extensive prior knowledge. However, this broad yet general knowledge is often insufficient for specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Xue Yan , Zijing Ou , Mengyue Yang , Yan Song , Haifeng Zhang , Yingzhen Li , Jun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable promise but remain challenging to continually improve through traditional finetuning, particularly when integrating capabilities from other specialized LLMs. Popular methods like ensemble…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhenglun Kong , Zheng Zhan , Shiyue Hou , Yifan Gong , Xin Meng , Pengwei Sui , Peiyan Dong , Xuan Shen , Zifeng Wang , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Stratis Ioannidis , Yanzhi Wang

Current LLM agents lack principled mechanisms for managing persistent memory across long interaction horizons. We present a biologically-grounded memory architecture comprising six cognitive mechanisms: (1) sleep-phase consolidation, (2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Doga Kerestecioglu , Alexei Robsky , Clemens Vasters , Anshul Sharma , Yitzhak Kesselman

Long-horizon language agents must operate under limited runtime memory, yet existing memory mechanisms often organize experience around descriptive criteria such as relevance, salience, or summary quality. For an agent, however, memory is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mingxi Zou , Zhihan Guo , Langzhang Liang , Zhuo Wang , Qifan Wang , Qingsong Wen , Irwin King , Lizhen Qu , Zenglin Xu

Long-term memory is a critical challenge for Large Language Model agents, as fixed context windows cannot preserve coherence across extended interactions. Existing memory systems represent conversation history as unstructured embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jinchang Zhu , Jindong Li , Cheng Zhang , Jiahong Liu , Menglin Yang

Effective modeling of how human travelers learn and adjust their travel behavior from interacting with transportation systems is critical for system assessment and planning. However, this task is also difficult due to the complex cognition…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Tianming Liu , Jirong Yang , Yafeng Yin , Manzi Li , Linghao Wang , Zheng Zhu

Benefiting from the powerful capabilities of large language models (LLMs), agents based on LLMs have shown the potential to address domain-specific tasks and emulate human behaviors. However, the content generated by these agents remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Shi Jinxin , Zhao Jiabao , Wang Yilei , Wu Xingjiao , Li Jiawen , He Liang

Despite rapid progress in large-scale language and vision models, AI agents still suffer from a fundamental limitation: they cannot remember. Without reliable memory, agents catastrophically forget past experiences, struggle with…

Recent works have highlighted the significance of memory mechanisms in LLM-based agents, which enable them to store observed information and adapt to dynamic environments. However, evaluating their memory capabilities still remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Haoran Tan , Zeyu Zhang , Chen Ma , Xu Chen , Quanyu Dai , Zhenhua Dong

Most Large Language Model (LLM) agent memory systems rely on a small set of static, hand-designed operations for extracting memory. These fixed procedures hard-code human priors about what to store and how to revise memory, making them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haozhen Zhang , Quanyu Long , Jianzhu Bao , Tao Feng , Weizhi Zhang , Haodong Yue , Wenya Wang

In order for large language models to achieve true conversational continuity and benefit from experiential learning, they need memory. While research has focused on the development of complex memory systems, it remains unclear which types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alessandra Terranova , Björn Ross , Alexandra Birch

Lifelong learning is essential for intelligent agents operating in dynamic environments. Current large language model (LLM)-based agents, however, remain stateless and unable to accumulate or transfer knowledge over time. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Junhao Zheng , Xidi Cai , Qiuke Li , Duzhen Zhang , ZhongZhi Li , Yingying Zhang , Le Song , Qianli Ma

Personalized and continuous interactions are critical for LLM-based conversational agents, yet finite context windows and static parametric memory hinder the modeling of long-term, cross-session user states. Existing approaches, including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ao Tian , Yunfeng Lu , Xinxin Fan , Changhao Wang , Lanzhi Zhou , Yeyao Zhang , Yanfang Liu

Memory plays a central role in enabling large language models (LLMs) to operate over sequential tasks by accumulating and reusing experience over time. However, existing evaluations of LLM memory mostly rely on aggregate metrics such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Songwei Dong , Zihan Chen , Chengshuai Shi , Peng Wang , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing but exhibit limitations, particularly in autonomously addressing novel challenges such as reasoning and problem-solving. Traditional techniques like…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Sumedh Rasal