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In the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), counterfactual examples explain to a user the predictions of a trained decision model by indicating the modifications to be made to the instance so as to change its associated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Thibault Laugel , Adulam Jeyasothy , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust in machine learning systems as black-box models are increasingly deployed within high-stakes domains. Among XAI methods, Shapley values are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiaxin Xu , Hung Chau , Angela Burden

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become increasingly significant for improving the interpretability and trustworthiness of machine learning models. While saliency maps have stolen the show for the last few years in the XAI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Antonin Poché , Lucas Hervier , Mohamed-Chafik Bakkay

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to support appropriate human-AI reliance by increasing the interpretability of complex model decisions. Despite the proliferation of proposed methods, there is mixed evidence surrounding the effects of different…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Emma Casolin , Flora D. Salim , Ben Newell

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to explain how black-box machine learning models work. Much of the work centers around the holy grail of providing post-hoc feature attributions to any model architecture. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Brian Barr , Noah Fatsi , Leif Hancox-Li , Peter Richter , Daniel Proano , Caleb Mok

Explainable AI (XAI) is widely used to analyze AI systems' decision-making, such as providing counterfactual explanations for recourse. When unexpected explanations occur, users may want to understand the training data properties shaping…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques are increasingly important for the validation and responsible use of modern deep learning models, but are difficult to evaluate due to the lack of good ground-truth to compare against. We propose a framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amritpal Singh , Andrey Barsky , Mohamed Ali Souibgui , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas

Counterfactual explanations are increasingly used to address interpretability, recourse, and bias in AI decisions. However, we do not know how well counterfactual explanations help users to understand a systems decisions, since no large…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Greta Warren , Mark T Keane , Ruth M J Byrne

The rationale behind a deep learning model's output is often difficult to understand by humans. EXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this by developing methods that improve interpretability and explainability of machine learning models.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rafaël Brandt , Daan Raatjens , Georgi Gaydadjiev

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to help users to grasp the reasoning behind the predictions of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system. Many XAI approaches have emerged in recent years. Consequently, a subfield related to the…

Counterfactual explanations are a widely used approach in Explainable AI, offering actionable insights into decision-making by illustrating how small changes to input data can lead to different outcomes. Despite their importance, evaluating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Marharyta Domnich , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Julius Välja , Kadi Tulver , Raul Vicente

Explaining the predictions of opaque machine learning algorithms is an important and challenging task, especially as complex models are increasingly used to assist in high-stakes decisions such as those arising in healthcare and finance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 David S. Watson

Explainable AI (XAI) is an increasingly important area of machine learning research, which aims to make black-box models transparent and interpretable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XAI that uses the so-called counterfactual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Bastian Pfeifer , Mateusz Krzyzinski , Hubert Baniecki , Anna Saranti , Andreas Holzinger , Przemyslaw Biecek

Many explainable AI (XAI) techniques strive for interpretability by providing concise salient information, such as sparse linear factors. However, users either only see inaccurate global explanations, or highly-varying local explanations.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jessica Y. Bo , Pan Hao , Brian Y. Lim

Research into the explanation of machine learning models, i.e., explainable AI (XAI), has seen a commensurate exponential growth alongside deep artificial neural networks throughout the past decade. For historical reasons, explanation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Brittany Davis , Maria Glenski , William Sealy , Dustin Arendt

A main drawback of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches is the feature independence assumption, hindering the study of potential variable dependencies. This leads to approximating black box behaviors by analyzing the effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Martina Cinquini , Riccardo Guidotti

Current Explainable AI (XAI) focuses on explaining a single application, but when encountering related applications, users may rely on their prior understanding from previous explanations. This leads to either overgeneralization and AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Fei Wang , Yifan Zhang , Brian Y. Lim

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has received widespread interest in recent years, and two of the most popular types of explanations are feature attributions, and counterfactual explanations. These classes of approaches have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Emanuele Albini , Shubham Sharma , Saumitra Mishra , Danial Dervovic , Daniele Magazzeni

Recently, eXplainable AI (XAI) research has focused on counterfactual explanations as post-hoc justifications for AI-system decisions (e.g. a customer refused a loan might be told: If you asked for a loan with a shorter term, it would have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Saugat Aryal , Mark T Keane
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