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Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become a pivotal approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a significant theoretical gap persists, as traditional token-level RL frameworks fail to align with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zeyu Gan , Hao Yi , Yong Liu

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting is a popular in-context learning (ICL) approach for large language models (LLMs), especially when tackling complex reasoning tasks. Traditional ICL approaches construct prompts using examples that contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Zifan Xu , Haozhu Wang , Dmitriy Bespalov , Xian Wu , Peter Stone , Yanjun Qi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in solving complex reasoning tasks through mechanisms like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, which emphasizes verbose, step-by-step reasoning. However, humans typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Silei Xu , Wenhao Xie , Lingxiao Zhao , Pengcheng He

Recent studies have shown that long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning can significantly enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks. However, this benefit is yet to be demonstrated in the domain of video…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yuanxin Liu , Kun Ouyang , Haoning Wu , Yi Liu , Lin Sui , Xinhao Li , Yan Zhong , Y. Charles , Xinyu Zhou , Xu Sun

Sophisticated text-centric forgeries, fueled by rapid AIGC advancements, pose a significant threat to societal security and information authenticity. Current methods for text-centric forgery analysis are often limited to coarse-grained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Fanwei Zeng , Changtao Miao , Jing Huang , Zhiya Tan , Shutao Gong , Xiaoming Yu , Yang Wang , Huazhe Tan , Weibin Yao , Jianshu Li

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) tasks require reasoning over complex visual scenes and executing adaptive actions in dynamic environments. While recent studies on reasoning VLAs show that explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) can improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Chi-Pin Huang , Yunze Man , Zhiding Yu , Min-Hung Chen , Jan Kautz , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Fu-En Yang

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models benefit from chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, but existing approaches incur high inference overhead and rely on discrete reasoning representations that mismatch continuous perception and control. We…

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has become a central mechanism for eliciting multi-step reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet recent evidence presents a tension: hidden states appear to already encode future reasoning before CoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Liyan Xu , Mo Yu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

The use of continuous instead of discrete tokens during the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) phase of reasoning LLMs has garnered attention recently, based on the intuition that a continuous mixture of discrete tokens could simulate a superposition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Natasha Butt , Ariel Kwiatkowski , Ismail Labiad , Julia Kempe , Yann Ollivier

Chain of Thought (CoT) was introduced in recent research as a method for improving step-by-step reasoning in Large Language Models. However, CoT has limited applications such as its need for hand-crafted few-shot exemplar prompts and no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Arda Sevinc , Abdurrahman Gumus

Recent studies reveal that large language models (LLMs) exhibit limited logical reasoning abilities in mathematical problem-solving, instead often relying on pattern-matching and memorization. We systematically analyze this limitation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shaojie Wang , Liang Zhang

Recent studies have demonstrated that incorporating Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning into the detection process can enhance a model's ability to detect synthetic images. However, excessively lengthy reasoning incurs substantial resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Changjiang Jiang , Xinkuan Sha , Fengchang Yu , Jingjing Liu , Jian Liu , Mingqi Fang , Chenfeng Zhang , Wei Lu

Tokenization is the first - and often underappreciated - layer of computation in language models. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting enables transformer models to approximate recurrent computation by externalizing intermediate steps, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Xiang Zhang , Juntai Cao , Jiaqi Wei , Yiwei Xu , Chenyu You

Reasoning in Large Language Models incurs significant inference-time compute, yet the token-level information structure of reasoning traces remains underexplored. We observe that reasoning tokens split into two functional types: low-entropy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Zhenyu Zhao , Sander Land , Daniel M. Bikel , Waseem Alshikh

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex reasoning when they include intermediate steps, known as "chains of thought" (CoTs). However, these rationales are often overly verbose, even for simple problems, leading to wasted context,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Seyedarmin Azizi , Erfan Baghaei Potraghloo , Massoud Pedram

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has exhibited impressive performance in language models for solving complex tasks and answering questions. However, many real-world questions require multi-modal information, such as text and images.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Liqi He , Zuchao Li , Xiantao Cai , Ping Wang

Integrating Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning into Semantic ID-based recommendation foundation models (such as OpenOneRec) often paradoxically degrades recommendation performance. We identify the root cause as textual inertia from the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Luankang Zhang , Yonghao Huang , Hang Lv , Mingjia Yin , Liangyue Li , Zulong Chen , Hao Wang , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful reasoning and generation capabilities but incur substantial run-time costs when operating in agentic workflows that chain together lengthy prompts and process rich data streams. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Joong Ho Choi , Jiayang Zhao , Jeel Shah , Ritvika Sonawane , Vedant Singh , Avani Appalla , Will Flanagan , Filipe Condessa

Continuous latent-space reasoning offers a compact alternative to textual chain-of-thought for multimodal models, enabling high-dimensional visual evidence to be integrated without explicit reasoning tokens. However, we identify a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xin Zhang , Qiqi Tao , Jiawei Du , Moyun Liu , Joey Tianyi Zhou

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) significantly improve the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by learning to reason, exhibiting promising performance in solving complex tasks. However, their deliberative reasoning process leads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yue Liu , Jiaying Wu , Yufei He , Ruihan Gong , Jun Xia , Liang Li , Hongcheng Gao , Hongyu Chen , Baolong Bi , Jiaheng Zhang , Zhiqi Huang , Bryan Hooi , Stan Z. Li , Keqin Li