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Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in handling complex interactive problems. Existing LLM agents mainly generate natural language plans to guide reasoning, which is verbose and inefficient. NL plans…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zouying Cao , Runze Wang , Yifei Yang , Xinbei Ma , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zheng , Hai Zhao

Large language models~(LLMs) are trained on heterogeneous multilingual corpora, yet existing policy optimization methods often implicitly restrict each training question to a single response language or rely on a fixed dominant language for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Geyang Guo , Hiromi Wakaki , Yuki Mitsufuji , Alan Ritter , Wei Xu

Lead optimization in drug discovery requires efficiently navigating vast chemical space through iterative cycles to enhance molecular properties while preserving structural similarity to the original lead compound. Despite recent advances,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ziqing Wang , Yibo Wen , William Pattie , Xiao Luo , Weimin Wu , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Abhishek Pandey , Han Liu , Kaize Ding

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly trained with reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their ability to interact with external environments through tool use, particularly in search-based settings that require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Guoqing Wang , Sunhao Dai , Guangze Ye , Zeyu Gan , Wei Yao , Yong Deng , Xiaofeng Wu , Zhenzhe Ying

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities through chain-of-thought prompting, yet discovering effective reasoning methods for complex problems remains challenging due to the vast space of possible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Anirudh Chari , Aditya Tiwari , Richard Lian , Suraj Reddy , Brian Zhou

Being difficult to scale poses great problems in multi-agent coordination. Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms applied in small-scale multi-agent systems are hard to extend to large-scale ones because the latter is far more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Zixuan Cao , Mengzhi Shi , Zhanbo Zhao , Xiujun Ma

With the rapid advancement of large language models and vision-language models, employing large models as Web Agents has become essential for automated web interaction. However, training Web Agents with reinforcement learning faces critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ziyuan Chen , Zhenghui Zhao , Zhangye Han , Miancan Liu , Xianhang Ye , Yiqing Li , Hongbo Min , Jinkui Ren , Xiantao Zhang , Guitao Cao

Group-based reinforcement learning (RL), such as GRPO, has advanced the capabilities of large language models on long-horizon agentic tasks. To enable more fine-grained policy updates, recent research has increasingly shifted toward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Shuo He , Lang Feng , Qi Wei , Xin Cheng , Lei Feng , Bo An

Reinforcement learning has become a powerful paradigm for post-training large language model agents, yet credit assignment in multi-turn environments remains a challenge. Agents often receive sparse, trajectory-level rewards only at the end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Siyuan Zhu , Chao Yu , Rongxin Yang , Zongkai Liu , Jinjun Hu , Qiwen Chen , Yibo Zhang

In an era where tool-augmented AI agents are becoming increasingly vital, our findings highlight the ability of Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to empower SLMs, which are traditionally constrained in tool use. The ability to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Dhruvi Paprunia , Vansh Kharidia , Pankti Doshi

Training reinforcement learning (RL) policies for legged robots remains challenging due to high-dimensional continuous actions, hardware constraints, and limited exploration. Existing methods for locomotion and whole-body control work well…

Proximal policy optimization (PPO) is one of the most popular deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of challenging tasks. However, as a model-free RL method, the success of PPO…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Yuhui Wang , Hao He , Xiaoyang Tan , Yaozhong Gan

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in knowledge acquisition, reasoning, and tool use, making them promising candidates for autonomous agent applications. However, training LLM agents for complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hanjiang Hu , Changliu Liu , Na Li , Yebin Wang

Large Language Models show great potential with external tools, but face significant challenges in complex, multi-turn tool invocation. They often exhibit weak planning, tool hallucination, erroneous parameter generation, and struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Qihao Wang , Mingzhe Lu , Jiayue Wu , Yue Hu , Yanbing Liu

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a prominent swarm intelligence algorithm extensively applied to path planning. However, traditional ACO methods often exhibit shortcomings, such as blind search behavior and slow convergence within complex…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yi Liu , Hongda Zhang , Zhongxue Gan , Yuning Chen , Ziqing Zhou , Chunlei Meng , Chun Ouyang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive reasoning capabilities in well-defined problems with clear solutions, such as mathematics and coding. However, they still struggle with complex real-world scenarios like business…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xiaoqian Liu , Ke Wang , Yongbin Li , Yuchuan Wu , Wentao Ma , Aobo Kong , Fei Huang , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang

Effective information seeking in multi-turn medical dialogues is critical for accurate diagnosis, especially when dealing with incomplete information. Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) for these interactive scenarios is challenging due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Ruike Cao , Shaojie Bai , Fugen Yao , Liang Dong , Jian Xu , Li Xiao

Bootstrapping large language models (LLMs) through preference-based policy optimization offers a promising direction for aligning model behavior with human preferences without relying on extensive manual annotations. In this work, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Chen Jia

A key challenge in applying reinforcement learning (RL) to diffusion large language models (dLLMs) lies in the intractability of their likelihood functions, which are essential for the RL objective, necessitating corresponding approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Nianyi Lin , Jiajie Zhang , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li
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