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Large language models~(LLMs) have greatly advanced the frontiers of artificial intelligence, attaining remarkable improvement in model capacity. To assess the model performance, a typical approach is to construct evaluation benchmarks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Kun Zhou , Yutao Zhu , Zhipeng Chen , Wentong Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xu Chen , Yankai Lin , Ji-Rong Wen , Jiawei Han

Amid the expanding use of pre-training data, the phenomenon of benchmark dataset leakage has become increasingly prominent, exacerbated by opaque training processes and the often undisclosed inclusion of supervised data in contemporary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Ruijie Xu , Zengzhi Wang , Run-Ze Fan , Pengfei Liu

The success of Large Language Models (LLMs) relies heavily on the huge amount of pre-training data learned in the pre-training phase. The opacity of the pre-training process and the training data causes the results of many benchmark tests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Shiwen Ni , Xiangtao Kong , Chengming Li , Xiping Hu , Ruifeng Xu , Jia Zhu , Min Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to various software engineering tasks, including code generation, bug detection, and repair. To evaluate model performance in these domains, numerous bug benchmarks containing real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Daniel Ramos , Claudia Mamede , Kush Jain , Paulo Canelas , Catarina Gamboa , Claire Le Goues

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely utilized in software engineering (SE) tasks, such as code generation and automated program repair. However, their reliance on extensive and often undisclosed pre-training datasets raises significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Xin Zhou , Martin Weyssow , Ratnadira Widyasari , Ting Zhang , Junda He , Yunbo Lyu , Jianming Chang , Beiqi Zhang , Dan Huang , David Lo

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

The increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) raises concerns about their ability to "cheat" on standard Question Answering (QA) benchmarks by memorizing task-specific data. This undermines the validity of benchmark evaluations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yixiong Fang , Tianran Sun , Yuling Shi , Min Wang , Xiaodong Gu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on massive web-crawled corpora. This poses risks of leakage, including personal information, copyrighted texts, and benchmark datasets. Such leakage leads to undermining human trust in AI due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Masahiro Kaneko , Timothy Baldwin

Large language models (LLMs) often generate responses that deviate from user input or training data, a phenomenon known as "hallucination." These hallucinations undermine user trust and hinder the adoption of generative AI systems.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yejin Bang , Ziwei Ji , Alan Schelten , Anthony Hartshorn , Tara Fowler , Cheng Zhang , Nicola Cancedda , Pascale Fung

The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

Machine Learning (ML) has revolutionized various domains, offering predictive capabilities in several areas. However, with the increasing accessibility of ML tools, many practitioners, lacking deep ML expertise, adopt a "push the button"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

Open Large Language Model (LLM) benchmarks, such as HELM and BIG-Bench, provide standardized and transparent evaluation protocols that support comparative analysis, reproducibility, and systematic progress tracking in Language Model (LM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Md. Najib Hasan , Md Mahadi Hassan Sibat , Mohammad Fakhruddin Babar , Souvika Sarkar , Monowar Hasan , Santu Karmaker

Publishing a large language model (LLM) benchmark on the Internet risks contaminating future LLMs: the benchmark may be unintentionally (or intentionally) used to train or select a model. A common mitigation is to keep the benchmark private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Ishida , Thanawat Lodkaew , Ikko Yamane

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) are gradually exploited in practically valuable agentic workflows such as Deep Research, E-commerce recommendation, and job recruitment. In these applications, LLMs need to select some optimal solutions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zichen Tang , Zirui Zhang , Qian Wang , Zhenheng Tang , Bo Li , Xiaowen Chu

The performance of large language models (LLMs) continues to improve, as reflected in rising scores on standard benchmarks. However, the lack of transparency around training data raises concerns about potential overlap with evaluation sets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Naila Shafirni Hidayat , Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Alfan Farizki Wicaksono , Fajri Koto

The training data for many Large Language Models (LLMs) is contaminated with test data. This means that public benchmarks used to assess LLMs are compromised, suggesting a performance gap between benchmark scores and actual capabilities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jacob Haimes , Cenny Wenner , Kunvar Thaman , Vassil Tashev , Clement Neo , Esben Kran , Jason Schreiber

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

Unlearning methods have the potential to improve the privacy and safety of large language models (LLMs) by removing sensitive or harmful information post hoc. The LLM unlearning research community has increasingly turned toward empirical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Pratiksha Thaker , Shengyuan Hu , Neil Kale , Yash Maurya , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Virginia Smith

When deploying large language models (LLMs), it is important to ensure that these models are not only capable, but also reliable. Many benchmarks have been created to track LLMs' growing capabilities, however there has been no similar focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Joshua Vendrow , Edward Vendrow , Sara Beery , Aleksander Madry

Machine learning models are increasingly used for software security tasks. These models are commonly trained and evaluated on large Internet-derived datasets, which often contain duplicated or highly similar samples. When such samples are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Farnaz Soltaniani , Mohammad Ghafari
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