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The binding complexes formed by proteins and small molecule ligands are ubiquitous and critical to life. Despite recent advancements in protein structure prediction, existing algorithms are so far unable to systematically predict the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-04-21 Zhuoran Qiao , Weili Nie , Arash Vahdat , Thomas F. Miller , Anima Anandkumar

Deep generative models that learn from the distribution of natural protein sequences and structures may enable the design of new proteins with valuable functions. While the majority of today's models focus on generating either sequences or…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-03 Chentong Wang , Sarah Alamdari , Carles Domingo-Enrich , Ava Amini , Kevin K. Yang

Molecular representation learning has become a central approach in AI-driven drug discovery, yet existing molecular tokenizations such as SMILES remain largely syntactic and do not naturally align with chemically meaningful substructures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Takayuki Kimura

Proteins are essential for almost all biological processes and derive their diverse functions from complex 3D structures, which are in turn determined by their amino acid sequences. In this paper, we exploit the rich biological inductive…

Continual Learning (CL) enables machine learning models to learn from continuously shifting new training data in absence of data from old tasks. Recently, pretrained vision transformers combined with prompt tuning have shown promise for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Anurag Roy , Riddhiman Moulick , Vinay K. Verma , Saptarshi Ghosh , Abir Das

Large language models applied to vast biological datasets have the potential to transform biology by uncovering disease mechanisms and accelerating drug development. However, current models are often siloed, trained separately on…

Two-state cooperativity is an important characteristic in protein folding. It is defined by a depletion of states lying energetically between folded and unfolded conformations. While there are different ways to test for two-state…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-28 Tristan Bereau , Markus Deserno , Michael Bachmann

With the rise of large-scale foundation models, efficiently adapting them to downstream tasks remains a central challenge. Linear probing, which freezes the backbone and trains a lightweight head, is computationally efficient but often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Laure Ciernik , Marco Morik , Lukas Thede , Luca Eyring , Shinichi Nakajima , Zeynep Akata , Lukas Muttenthaler

Classifying protein topology is essential for deciphering biological function, but progress is held back by the lack of large-scale benchmarks that avoid duplicates and by models that do not scale well. We introduce TEDBench, a large-scale,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Dexiong Chen , Andrei Manolache , Mathias Niepert , Karsten Borgwardt

Molecular generative models, often employing GPT-style language modeling on molecular string representations, have shown promising capabilities when scaled to large datasets and model sizes. However, it remains unclear and subject to debate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Dong Xu , Qihua Pan , Sisi Yuan , Jianqiang Li , Zexuan Zhu , Junkai Ji

Deep learning-based prediction of protein-ligand complexes has advanced significantly with the development of architectures such as AlphaFold3, Boltz-1, Chai-1, Protenix, and NeuralPlexer. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) has been a key…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-03 Enming Xing , Junjie Zhang , Shen Wang , Xiaolin Cheng

To perform recognition, molecules must locate and specifically bind their targets within a noisy biochemical environment with many look-alikes. Molecular recognition processes, especially the induced-fit mechanism, are known to involve…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2010-07-27 Yonatan Savir , Tsvi Tlusty

Molecular Relational Learning (MRL) is widely applied in natural sciences to predict relationships between molecular pairs by extracting structural features. The representational similarity between substructure pairs determines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Peiliang Zhang , Jingling Yuan , Qing Xie , Yongjun Zhu , Lin Li

In recent years machine learning (ML) took bio- and cheminformatics fields by storm, providing new solutions for a vast repertoire of problems related to protein sequence, structure, and interactions analysis. ML techniques, deep neural…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-03-31 Marta M. Stepniewska-Dziubinska , Piotr Zielenkiewicz , Pawel Siedlecki

Protein representation learning is a challenging task that aims to capture the structure and function of proteins from their amino acid sequences. Previous methods largely ignored the fact that not all amino acids are equally important for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Ruijie Quan , Wenguan Wang , Fan Ma , Hehe Fan , Yi Yang

Few-shot learning is a promising approach to molecular property prediction as supervised data is often very limited. However, many important molecular properties depend on complex molecular characteristics -- such as the various 3D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Christopher Fifty , Joseph M. Paggi , Ehsan Amid , Jure Leskovec , Ron Dror

Accurate extraction of molecular representations is a critical step in the drug discovery process. In recent years, significant progress has been made in molecular representation learning methods, among which multi-modal molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Rong Yin , Ruyue Liu , Xiaoshuai Hao , Xingrui Zhou , Yong Liu , Can Ma , Weiping Wang

Predicting the change in binding free energy ($\Delta \Delta G$) is crucial for understanding and modulating protein-protein interactions, which are critical in drug design. Due to the scarcity of experimental $\Delta \Delta G$ data,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xiaoran Jiao , Weian Mao , Wengong Jin , Peiyuan Yang , Hao Chen , Chunhua Shen

The field of protein-ligand pose prediction has seen significant advances in recent years, with machine learning-based methods now being commonly used in lieu of classical docking methods or even to predict all-atom protein-ligand complex…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-01 David Errington , Constantin Schneider , Cédric Bouysset , Frédéric A. Dreyer

Molecular docking, a key technique in structure-based drug design, plays pivotal roles in protein-ligand interaction modeling, hit identification and optimization, in which accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding mode is essential.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-20 Jintao Zhu , Zhonghui Gu , Jianfeng Pei , Luhua Lai