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A major challenge in molecular simulations is to describe denaturant-dependent folding of proteins order to make direct comparisons with {\it in vitro} experiments. We use the molecular transfer model, which is currently the only method…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2016-01-19 Zhenxing Liu , Govardhan Reddy , D. Thirumalai

Understanding protein sequences is vital and urgent for biology, healthcare, and medicine. Labeling approaches are expensive yet time-consuming, while the amount of unlabeled data is increasing quite faster than that of the labeled data due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Liang He , Shizhuo Zhang , Lijun Wu , Huanhuan Xia , Fusong Ju , He Zhang , Siyuan Liu , Yingce Xia , Jianwei Zhu , Pan Deng , Bin Shao , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu

Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Chen Wei , Fanding Xu , Minghao Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Lin Wang , Tianrui Jia , Yihang Zhou , Yang Zhang

Knowledge of a protein's atomic conformational ensemble is critical to determining its function, yet state-of-the-art ensemble prediction models are limited by lack of high-quality conformational data from simulation or experiment. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jay Shenoy , Miro Astore , Axel Levy , Frédéric Poitevin , Sonya M. Hanson , Gordon Wetzstein

Molecular representations are inherently task-dependent, yet most pre-trained molecular encoders are not. Task conditioning promises representations that reorganize based on task descriptions, but existing approaches rely on expensive…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Gordan Prastalo , Kevin Maik Jablonka

In this work we introduce an Autoencoder for molecular conformations. Our proposed model converts the discrete spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecular graph (conformation) into and from a continuous fixed-sized latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Robin Winter , Frank Noé , Djork-Arné Clevert

Machine Learning-guided solutions for protein learning tasks have made significant headway in recent years. However, success in scientific discovery tasks is limited by the accessibility of well-defined and labeled in-domain data. To tackle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Ria Vinod , Pin-Yu Chen , Payel Das

Highly accurate biomolecular structure prediction is a key component of developing biomolecular foundation models, and one of the most critical aspects of building foundation models is identifying the recipes for scaling the model. In this…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-02 Yi Zhou , Chan Lu , Yiming Ma , Wei Qu , Fei Ye , Kexin Zhang , Lan Wang , Minrui Gui , Quanquan Gu

The integration of molecular and natural language representations has emerged as a focal point in molecular science, with recent advancements in Language Models (LMs) demonstrating significant potential for comprehensive modeling of both…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-19 Qizhi Pei , Rui Yan , Kaiyuan Gao , Jinhua Zhu , Lijun Wu

The predictive accuracy of Machine Learning (ML) models of molecular properties depends on the choice of the molecular representation. Based on the postulates of quantum mechanics, we introduce a hierarchy of representations which meet…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2016-11-23 Bing Huang , O. Anatole von Lilienfeld

Most machine learning models for molecular property prediction rely on a single molecular representation (either a sequence, a graph, or a 3D structure) and treat molecular geometry as static. We present MolFM-Lite, a multi-modal model that…

Many aspects of the study of protein folding and dynamics have been affected by the recent advances in machine learning. Methods for the prediction of protein structures from their sequences are now heavily based on machine learning tools.…

Biological Physics · Physics 2019-11-25 Frank Noé , Gianni De Fabritiis , Cecilia Clementi

We explore a framework for protein sequence representation learning that decomposes the task between manifold learning and distributional modelling. Specifically we present a Latent Space Diffusion architecture which combines a protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Eoin Quinn , Ghassene Jebali , Maxime Seince , Oliver Bent

Protein language models (PLMs) learn probability distributions over natural protein sequences. By learning from hundreds of millions of natural protein sequences, protein understanding and design capabilities emerge. Recent works have shown…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-27 Timothy Fei Truong , Tristan Bepler

The accurate screening of candidate drug ligands against target proteins through computational approaches is of prime interest to drug development efforts. Such virtual screening depends in part on methods to predict the binding affinity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ho-Joon Lee , Prashant S. Emani , Mark B. Gerstein

We present BioLangFusion, a simple approach for integrating pre-trained DNA, mRNA, and protein language models into unified molecular representations. Motivated by the central dogma of molecular biology (information flow from gene to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Amina Mollaysa , Artem Moskale , Pushpak Pati , Tommaso Mansi , Mangal Prakash , Rui Liao

Pocket representations play a vital role in various biomedical applications, such as druggability estimation, ligand affinity prediction, and de novo drug design. While existing geometric features and pretrained representations have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Bowen Gao , Yinjun Jia , Yuanle Mo , Yuyan Ni , Weiying Ma , Zhiming Ma , Yanyan Lan

Molecule and text representation learning has gained increasing interest due to its potential for enhancing the understanding of chemical information. However, existing models often struggle to capture subtle differences between molecules…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Hyuntae Park , Yeachan Kim , SangKeun Lee

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in understanding molecules in a wide range of fields, existing models generally acquire the single cognitive ability from the single molecular modality. Since the hierarchy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Bing Su , Dazhao Du , Zhao Yang , Yujie Zhou , Jiangmeng Li , Anyi Rao , Hao Sun , Zhiwu Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

Numerous cellular functions rely on protein$\unicode{x2013}$protein interactions. Efforts to comprehensively characterize them remain challenged however by the diversity of molecular recognition mechanisms employed within the proteome. Deep…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-08 Julia R. Rogers , Gergő Nikolényi , Mohammed AlQuraishi