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Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has recently witnessed significant advances that have led to multiple successes in solving sequential decision-making problems in various domains, particularly in wireless communications. The future…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Amal Feriani , Ekram Hossain

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great abilities in various tasks, including question answering, arithmetic problem solving, and poem writing, among others. Although research on LLM-as-an-agent has shown that LLM can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Chuanneng Sun , Songjun Huang , Dario Pompili

Reinforcement learning (RL)-based large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Grok-3, have attracted widespread attention for their remarkable capabilities in multimodal data understanding. Meanwhile, the rapid expansion of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yu Qiao , Phuong-Nam Tran , Ji Su Yoon , Loc X. Nguyen , Eui-Nam Huh , Dusit Niyato , Choong Seon Hong

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention across various research disciplines, including the wireless communication community. There have been several heated discussions on the intersection of LLMs and wireless…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Yuyang Du , Hongyu Deng , Soung Chang Liew , Kexin Chen , Yulin Shao , He Chen

The rapid development of the Large Language Model (LLM) presents huge opportunities for 6G communications, e.g., network optimization and management by allowing users to input task requirements to LLMs by nature language. However, directly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Feibo Jiang , Li Dong , Yubo Peng , Kezhi Wang , Kun Yang , Cunhua Pan , Dusit Niyato , Octavia A. Dobre

Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate an extensive amount of world knowledge, and this has enabled their application in various domains to improve the performance of a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. This has also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Sina Gholamian , Domingo Huh

The application of reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) constitutes a rapidly advancing research area. While MLLMs extend Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Guanghao Zhou , Panjia Qiu , Cen Chen , Jie Wang , Zheming Yang , Jian Xu , Minghui Qiu

In recent years, training methods centered on Reinforcement Learning (RL) have markedly enhanced the reasoning and alignment performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in understanding human intents, following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Keliang Liu , Dingkang Yang , Ziyun Qian , Weijie Yin , Yuchi Wang , Hongsheng Li , Jun Liu , Peng Zhai , Yang Liu , Lihua Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) and foundation models have been recently touted as a game-changer for 6G systems. However, recent efforts on LLMs for wireless networks are limited to a direct application of existing language models that were…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Shengzhe Xu , Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Omar Hashash , Nikhil Muralidhar , Walid Saad , Naren Ramakrishnan

In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital twins (DT) and 6G networks, the integration of large language models (LLMs) presents a novel approach to network management. This paper explores the application of LLMs in managing 6G-empowered…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Shufan Jiang , Bangyan Lin , Yue Wu , Yuan Gao

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) has spurred their application in various fields. In particular, there have been efforts to integrate LLMs into various aspects of wireless communication systems. The use of LLMs in wireless…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-07 Woongsup Lee , Jeonghun Park

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown impressive results in sequential decision-making tasks. Meanwhile, Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have emerged, exhibiting impressive capabilities in multimodal…

The sixth generation mobile communication standard (6G) can promote the development of Industrial Internet and Internet of Things (IoT). To achieve comprehensive intelligent development of the network and provide customers with higher…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Sifan Long , Fengxiao Tang , Yangfan Li , Tiao Tan , Zhengjie Jin , Ming Zhao , Nei Kato

Large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved unprecedented breakthrough, showcasing remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, generation, and complex reasoning. This transformative potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Hyun Jong Yang , Hyunsoo Kim , Hyeonho Noh , Seungnyun Kim , Byonghyo Shim

Owing to its comprehensive understanding of upper-layer application requirements and the capabilities of practical communication systems, the 6G-LLM (6G domain large language model) offers a promising pathway toward realizing network native…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Zhuoran Xiao , Tao Tao , Chenhui Ye , Yunbo Hu , Yijia Feng , Tianyu Jiao , Liyu Cai

In this work, we review research studies that combine Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Large Language Models (LLMs), two areas that owe their momentum to the development of deep neural networks. We propose a novel taxonomy of three main…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Moschoula Pternea , Prerna Singh , Abir Chakraborty , Yagna Oruganti , Mirco Milletari , Sayli Bapat , Kebei Jiang

The networking field is characterized by its high complexity and rapid iteration, requiring extensive expertise to accomplish network tasks, ranging from network design, configuration, diagnosis and security. The inherent complexity of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Chang Liu , Xiaohui Xie , Xinggong Zhang , Yong Cui

Accurate and robust localization is a critical enabler for emerging 5G and 6G applications, including autonomous driving, extended reality (XR), and smart manufacturing. While data-driven approaches have shown promise, most existing models…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-16 Guangjin Pan , Kaixuan Huang , Hui Chen , Shunqing Zhang , Christian Häger , Henk Wymeersch

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized artificial intelligence, offering unprecedented capabilities in reasoning, generalization, and zero-shot learning. These strengths open new frontiers in wireless…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Le Liang , Hao Ye , Yucheng Sheng , Ouya Wang , Jiacheng Wang , Shi Jin , Geoffrey Ye Li

To manage and optimize constantly evolving wireless networks, existing machine learning (ML)- based studies operate as black-box models, leading to increased computational costs during training and a lack of transparency in decision-making,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Hao Zhou , Chengming Hu , Dun Yuan , Ye Yuan , Di Wu , Xue Liu , Jianzhong , Zhang