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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a standard specification that defines how Foundation Model (FM)-based agents should interact with external systems by invoking tools. However, to understand a tool's purpose and features, FMs rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

Recently, there is an increasing interest in using artificial intelligence (AI) to automate aspects of the research process, or even autonomously conduct the full research cycle from idea generation, over data analysis, to composing and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Maryna Kapitonova , Tonio Ball

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from passive text generators to active reasoning agents capable of interacting with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a key standardized framework for dynamic tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuanqi Gao , Siyi Xie , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

With humans interacting with AI-based systems at an increasing rate, it is necessary to ensure the artificial systems are acting in a manner which reflects understanding of the human. In the case of humans and artificial AI agents operating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Andrew Fuchs , Andrea Passarella , Marco Conti

Generative AI is reshaping how software is designed, written, and maintained. Advances in large language models (LLMs) are enabling new development styles - from chat-oriented programming and 'vibe coding' to agentic programming - that can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Vivek Acharya

Large Language Models can break through knowledge and timeliness limitations by invoking external tools within the Model Context Protocol framework to achieve automated execution of complex tasks. However, with the rapid growth of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Qingsong He , Jing Nan , Jiayu Jiao , Liangjie Tang , Xiaodong Xu , Mengmeng Sun , Qingyao Wang , Minghui Yan

Machine learning has been applied to a number of creative, design-oriented tasks. However, it remains unclear how to best empower human users with these machine learning approaches, particularly those users without technical expertise. In…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Matthew Guzdial , Mark Riedl

AI enabled chat bots have recently been put to use to answer customer service queries, however it is a common feedback of users that bots lack a personal touch and are often unable to understand the real intent of the user's question. To…

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models to invoke external tools through natural-language descriptions, forming the foundation of many AI agent applications. However, MCP does not enforce consistency between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhihao Li , Boyang Ma , Xuelong Dai , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Biwei Yan , Kun Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 and now governed by the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation, has rapidly become the de facto standard for connecting large language model (LLM)-based agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nirajan Acharya , Gaurav Kumar Gupta

This paper introduces Agentic-AI Healthcare, a privacy-aware, multilingual, and explainable research prototype developed as a single-investigator project. The system leverages the emerging Model Context Protocol (MCP) to orchestrate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Mohammed A. Shehab

The growing deployment of human-robot collaborative processes in several industrial applications, such as handling, welding, and assembly, unfolds the pursuit of systems which are able to manage large heterogeneous teams and, at the same…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Edoardo Lamon , Fabio Fusaro , Elena De Momi , Arash Ajoudani

This action research study focuses on the integration of "AI assistants" in two Agile software development meetings: the Daily Scrum and a feature refinement, a planning meeting that is part of an in-house Scaled Agile framework. We discuss…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Beatriz Cabrero-Daniel , Tomas Herda , Victoria Pichler , Martin Eder

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in working environments with individuals, known as Human-AI Collaboration (HAIC), has become essential in a variety of domains, boosting decision-making, efficiency, and innovation. Despite HAIC's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-10 George Fragiadakis , Christos Diou , George Kousiouris , Mara Nikolaidou

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has recently gained increased attention within the AI community for providing a standardized way for large language models (LLMs) to interact with external tools and services, significantly enhancing their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihao Ding , Mufeng Zhu , Yao Liu

In AI-assisted decision-making, humans often passively review AI's suggestion and decide whether to accept or reject it as a whole. In such a paradigm, humans are found to rarely trigger analytical thinking and face difficulties in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Shuai Ma , Qiaoyi Chen , Xinru Wang , Chengbo Zheng , Zhenhui Peng , Ming Yin , Xiaojuan Ma

This paper presents a Large Language Model (LLM) based conversational agent system designed to enhance human-machine collaboration in Machine Learning Operations (MLOps). We introduce the Swarm Agent, an extensible architecture that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 George Fatouros , Georgios Makridis , George Kousiouris , John Soldatos , Anargyros Tsadimas , Dimosthenis Kyriazis

Collaborating with humans requires rapidly adapting to their individual strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Unfortunately, most standard multi-agent reinforcement learning techniques, such as self-play (SP) or population play (PP),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-10 DJ Strouse , Kevin R. McKee , Matt Botvinick , Edward Hughes , Richard Everett

Tool use enables large language models (LLMs) to access external information, invoke software systems, and act in digital environments beyond what can be solved from model parameters alone. Early research mainly studied whether a model…

Designing and evaluating personalized and proactive assistant agents remains challenging due to the time, cost, and ethical concerns associated with human-in-the-loop experimentation. Existing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) methods often…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ziyi Xuan , Yiwen Wu , Xuhai Xu , Vinod Namboodiri , Mooi Choo Chuah , Yu Yang