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Auto-regressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs) is inherently memory-bound: every generation step requires loading the model weights and intermediate results from memory (e.g., High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) for GPU servers), making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yuning Han , Yangchenchen Jin , Dylan Zhao , Jingwei Sun

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Scaling laws for inference compute in multi-agent systems remain under-explored compared to single-agent scenarios. This work aims to bridge this gap by investigating the problem of data synthesis through multi-agent sampling, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hai Ye , Mingbao Lin , Hwee Tou Ng , Shuicheng Yan

LLM agents are increasingly deployed to plan, retrieve, and write with tools, yet evaluation still leans on static benchmarks and small human studies. We present the Agent-Testing Agent (ATA), a meta-agent that combines static code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sameer Komoravolu , Khalil Mrini

Test-time scaling increases inference-time computation by allowing models to generate long reasoning chains, and has improved performance across many domains. However, in this work, we show that this approach is not yet effective for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 James Xu Zhao , Bryan Hooi , See-Kiong Ng

We study a novel language model architecture that is capable of scaling test-time computation by implicitly reasoning in latent space. Our model works by iterating a recurrent block, thereby unrolling to arbitrary depth at test-time. This…

In recent years, LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have advanced rapidly, using a router to decompose tasks and delegate subtasks to specialized agents. A natural way to expand capability is to scale up the agent pool by continually…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shuai Shao , Yixiang Liu , Bingwei Lu , Weinan Zhang

Computer-use agents provide a promising path toward general software automation because they can interact directly with arbitrary graphical user interfaces instead of relying on brittle, application-specific integrations. Despite recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinbiao Wei , Kangqi Ni , Yilun Zhao , Guo Gan , Arman Cohan

We investigate the problem of co-designing computation and communication in a multi-agent system (e.g. a sensor network or a multi-robot team). We consider the realistic setting where each agent acquires sensor data and is capable of local…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Vishrant Tripathi , Luca Ballotta , Luca Carlone , Eytan Modiano

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) is an important method for improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by using additional computation during the inference phase. However, current studies do not systematically analyze how policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Runze Liu , Junqi Gao , Jian Zhao , Kaiyan Zhang , Xiu Li , Biqing Qi , Wanli Ouyang , Bowen Zhou

Manual software beta testing is costly and time-consuming, while single-agent large language model (LLM) approaches suffer from hallucinations and inconsistent behavior. We propose a multi-agent committee framework in which diverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Sumanth Bharadwaj Hachalli Karanam , Dhiwahar Adhithya Kennady

Modern large-scale ranking systems operate within a sophisticated landscape of competing objectives, operational constraints, and evolving product requirements. Progress in this domain is increasingly bottlenecked by the engineering context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Longfei Yun , Yihan Wu , Haoran Liu , Xiaoxuan Liu , Ziyun Xu , Yi Wang , Yang Xia , Pengfei Wang , Mingze Gao , Yunxiang Wang , Changfan Chen , Wenjie Fu , Hong Yan , Junfeng Pan

Large language models (LLMs) can improve reasoning at inference time through test-time scaling (TTS), where multiple reasoning traces are generated and the best one is selected. Prior work shows that increasing the number of samples K…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yuheng Wu , Azalia Mirhoseini , Thierry Tambe

Fact-checking real-world claims, particularly numerical claims, is inherently complex that require multistep reasoning and numerical reasoning for verifying diverse aspects of the claim. Although large language models (LLMs) including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Primakov Chungkham , V Venktesh , Vinay Setty , Avishek Anand

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) has proven effective for efficient LLM evaluation on multiple-choice benchmarks, but modern LLM evaluation increasingly relies on generation tasks where outputs are scored continuously rather than marked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Esma Balkır , Alice Pernthaller , Marco Basaldella , José Hernández-Orallo , Nigel Collier

Test-time compute can be scaled both sequentially and in parallel. Sequential scaling involves lengthening the generation process, while parallel scaling involves verifying and selecting among multiple candidate outputs. Combining these two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Weihao Zeng , Keqing He , Chuqiao Kuang , Xiaoguang Li , Junxian He

Scaling test-time compute has proven highly effective for language models, yet this opportunity remains largely unexplored for industrial Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction. CTR models suffer from a fundamental asymmetry: feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Moyu Zhang , Yun Chen , Yujun Jin , Jinxin Hu , Yu Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng

With the rapid advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), an increasing number of studies have leveraged LLMs as the cognitive core of agents to address complex task decision-making challenges. Specially, recent research has demonstrated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Di Zhao , Longhui Ma , Siwei Wang , Miao Wang , Zhao Lv

Test-time compute scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computational resources during inference. However, current methods employ uniform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yang Xiao , Chunpu Xu , Ruifeng Yuan , Jiashuo Wang , Wenjie Li , Pengfei Liu

We rethink test-time scaling laws from a practical efficiency perspective, revealing that the effectiveness of smaller models is significantly overestimated. Prior work, grounded in compute-optimality, overlooks critical memory access…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Ranajoy Sadhukhan , Zhuoming Chen , Haizhong Zheng , Yang Zhou , Emma Strubell , Beidi Chen
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