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Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a breakthrough in wireless hardware by comprising multilayer, programmable metasurfaces capable of analog computing in the electromagnetic (EM) wave domain. By examining their architectural…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Hetong Wang , Yashuai Cao , Tiejun Lv

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems rely on digital or hybrid digital and analog designs for beamforming against frequency-selective fading, which suffer from high hardware…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Zheao Li , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a novel signal processing paradigm that enables over-the-air processing of electromagnetic waves at the speed of light. Their multi-layer architecture exhibits customizable computational…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , George C. Alexandropoulos , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Chau Yuen , Lu Gan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) facilitate computation by cascaded programmable layers so that part of the signal processing can be performed in the wave domain during signal propagation, rather than solely after reception. This…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Mengbing Liu , Chau Yuen , Dusit Niyato , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging design that consists of multiple layers of metasurfaces. A SIM enables holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) precoding in the wave domain, which results in the reduction of…

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) represents an advanced signal processing paradigm that enables over-the-air processing of electromagnetic waves at the speed of light. Its multi-layer structure exhibits customizable increased…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-15 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , George C. Alexandropoulos , Lu Gan

This paper introduces an interference-free multi-stream transmission architecture leveraging stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs), from a new perspective of interference exploitation. Unlike traditional interference exploitation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Hetong Wang , Yashuai Cao , Tiejun Lv , Jintao Wang , Ni Wei , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

Flexible intelligent metasurface (FIM) technology holds immense potential for increasing the spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of wireless networks. In contrast to traditional rigid reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), an FIM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-10 Hanwen Hu , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Naofal Al-Dhahir

We investigate the integration of stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) into cell-free massive multiple input multiple output (CF-mMIMO) system to enhance the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) performance.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-19 Thien Duc Hua , Mohammadali Mohammadi , Hien Quoc Ngo , Michail Matthaiou

To address the limited wave domain signal processing capabilities of traditional single-polarized stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) in holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) systems, which stems from limited integration…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-28 Yida Zhang , Qiuyan Liu , Hongtao Luo , Yuqi Xia , Qiang Wang

We present a physically consistent multiport framework for stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) with linear and explicit nonlinear terminations. The model provides closed-form input--output relations in the linear case and fixed-point…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi

We consider stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) as a tool to improve the performance of bistatic integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) schemes. To that end, we optimize the SIMs and design a radar parameter estimation (RPE)…

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs), composed of multiple layers of reconfigurable transmissive metasurfaces, are gaining prominence as a transformative technology for future wireless communication security. This paper investigates the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Enyu Shi , Yiyang Zhu , Jiayi Zhang , Ziheng Liu , Jiakang Zheng , Jiancheng An , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Bo Ai , Chau Yuen

The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) into future wireless communication systems offers promising capabilities in dynamic environment shaping and spectrum efficiency. In this work, we present a consistent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Ivan Iudice , Giacinto Gelli , Donatella Darsena

We investigate the achievable rate (AR) of a stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM)-aided holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) system by jointly optimizing the SIM phase shifts and power allocation. Contrary to earlier studies…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-14 Eduard E. Bahingayi , Nemanja Stefan Perović , Le-Nam Tran

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) is a revolutionary technology, which can outperform its single-layer counterparts by performing advanced signal processing relying on wave propagation. In this work, we exploit SIM to enable transmit…

Stacked intelligent surfaces (SIS) are a promising technology for next-generation wireless systems, offering an opportunity to enhance communication performance with low power consumption. Typically, an SIS is modelled as a surface that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-29 Omran Abbas , Abdullah Zayat , Loıc Markley , Anas Chaaban

Introduced with the advent of statistical wireless channel models for high mobility communications and having a profound role in communication-centric (CC) integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), the doubly-dispersive (DD) channel…

The fusion of cognitive radio (CR) and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), enabled by stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs), offers a promising path for multi-functional programmable front ends in 6G and beyond. In this paper we…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 Alireza Fadakar , Andreas F. Molisch

Semantic communication (SemCom) powered by generative artificial intelligence enables highly efficient and reliable information transmission. However, it still necessitates the transmission of substantial amounts of data when dealing with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guojun Huang , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Dusit Niyato , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui