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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown prominent performance in various downstream tasks and prompt engineering plays a pivotal role in optimizing LLMs' performance. This paper, not only as an overview of current prompt engineering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Haochen Li , Jonathan Leung , Zhiqi Shen

We propose a novel class of language models, Latent Thought Models (LTMs), which incorporate explicit latent thought vectors that follow an explicit prior model in latent space. These latent thought vectors guide the autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Deqian Kong , Minglu Zhao , Dehong Xu , Bo Pang , Shu Wang , Edouardo Honig , Zhangzhang Si , Chuan Li , Jianwen Xie , Sirui Xie , Ying Nian Wu

Language has long been conceived as an essential tool for human reasoning. The breakthrough of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sparked significant research interest in leveraging these models to tackle complex reasoning tasks. Researchers…

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate reasoning tokens before their final answer to boost performance on complex tasks. While these sequences seem like human thought processes, empirical evidence reveals that they are not a faithful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mosh Levy , Zohar Elyoseph , Shauli Ravfogel , Yoav Goldberg

Test-time compute is emerging as a new paradigm for enhancing language models' complex multi-step reasoning capabilities, as demonstrated by the success of OpenAI's o1 and o3, as well as DeepSeek's R1. Compared to explicit reasoning in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Tianhe Lin , Jian Xie , Siyu Yuan , Deqing Yang

While large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and PaLM have demonstrated remarkable performance in various language understanding and generation tasks, their capabilities in complex reasoning and intricate knowledge utilization still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haodi Zhang , Min Cai , Xinhe Zhang , Chen Jason Zhang , Rui Mao , Kaishun Wu

Recent works attribute the capability of in-context learning (ICL) in large pre-trained language models to implicitly simulating and fine-tuning an internal model (e.g., linear or 2-layer MLP) during inference. However, such constructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Abhishek Panigrahi , Sadhika Malladi , Mengzhou Xia , Sanjeev Arora

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has enabled transformer-based language models to excel at complex mathematics and multi-step planning. However, in standard decoder-only architectures, these reasoning steps are externalized in natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenquan Lu , Yuechuan Yang , Kyle Lee , Yanshu Li , Enqi Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on complex reasoning tasks, yet little is known about their ability to internally evaluate problem difficulty, which is an essential capability for adaptive reasoning and efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sunbowen Lee , Qingyu Yin , Chak Tou Leong , Jialiang Zhang , Yicheng Gong , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

With the remarkable success of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in perception tasks, enhancing their complex reasoning capabilities has emerged as a critical research focus. Existing models still suffer from challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wenxin Zhu , Andong Chen , Yuchen Song , Kehai Chen , Conghui Zhu , Ziyan Chen , Tiejun Zhao

The honesty of large language models (LLMs) is a critical alignment challenge, especially as advanced systems with chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning may strategically deceive humans. Unlike traditional honesty issues on LLMs, which could be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Kai Wang , Yihao Zhang , Meng Sun

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has significantly advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) in solving complex tasks. However, its autoregressive paradigm leads to significant computational overhead, hindering its deployment in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Nan Jiang , Ziming Wu , De-Chuan Zhan , Fuming Lai , Shaobing Lian

Looped Transformers have emerged as an efficient and powerful class of models for reasoning in the language domain. Recent studies show that these models achieve strong performance on algorithmic and reasoning tasks, suggesting that looped…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ahmadreza Jeddi , Marco Ciccone , Babak Taati

Prototype learning, a popular machine learning method designed for inherently interpretable decisions, leverages similarities to learned prototypes for classifying new data. While it is mainly applied in computer vision, in this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Claudio Fanconi , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Severin Husmann , Julia E. Vogt

Few-shot Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has demonstrated strong performance in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While theoretical investigations have been conducted to understand CoT, the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yingqian Cui , Pengfei He , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Chen Luo , Jiliang Tang , Yue Xing

While interpretable prototype networks offer compelling case-based reasoning for clinical diagnostics, their raw continuous outputs lack the semantic structure required for medical documentation. Bridging this gap via standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Alvaro Lopez Pellicer , Plamen Angelov , Marwan Bukhari , Yi Li , Eduardo Soares , Jemma Kerns

Open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly specialize by domain (e.g., math, code, general reasoning), motivating systems that leverage complementary strengths across models. Prior multi-LLM approaches either (i) route a query to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jacob Fein-Ashley , Dhruv Parikh , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

Transformer-based language models have achieved impressive success in various natural language processing tasks due to their ability to capture complex dependencies and contextual information using self-attention mechanisms. However, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Kaushik Roy , Yuxin Zi , Vignesh Narayanan , Manas Gaur , Amit Sheth

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant attention, primarily for their capabilities in text-based interactions. However, natural human interaction often relies on speech, necessitating a shift towards voice-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wenqian Cui , Dianzhi Yu , Xiaoqi Jiao , Ziqiao Meng , Guangyan Zhang , Qichao Wang , Yiwen Guo , Irwin King

Syntactic and pragmatic completeness is known to be important for turn-taking prediction, but so far machine learning models of turn-taking have used such linguistic information in a limited way. In this paper, we introduce TurnGPT, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Erik Ekstedt , Gabriel Skantze