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Word embeddings are effective intermediate representations for capturing semantic regularities between words, when learning the representations of text sequences. We propose to view text classification as a label-word joint embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-14 Guoyin Wang , Chunyuan Li , Wenlin Wang , Yizhe Zhang , Dinghan Shen , Xinyuan Zhang , Ricardo Henao , Lawrence Carin

In this paper we present a method to learn word embeddings that are resilient to misspellings. Existing word embeddings have limited applicability to malformed texts, which contain a non-negligible amount of out-of-vocabulary words. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Bora Edizel , Aleksandra Piktus , Piotr Bojanowski , Rui Ferreira , Edouard Grave , Fabrizio Silvestri

We introduce a method for embedding words as probability densities in a low-dimensional space. Rather than assuming that a word embedding is fixed across the entire text collection, as in standard word embedding methods, in our Bayesian…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Arthur Bražinskas , Serhii Havrylov , Ivan Titov

We present a language independent, unsupervised method for building word embeddings using morphological expansion of text. Our model handles the problem of data sparsity and yields improved word embeddings by relying on training word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Syed Sarfaraz Akhtar , Arihant Gupta , Avijit Vajpayee , Arjit Srivastava , Manish Shrivastava

In most cases, word embeddings are learned only from raw tokens or in some cases, lemmas. This includes pre-trained language models like BERT. To investigate on the potential of capturing deeper relations between lexical items and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Juuso Eronen , Michal Ptaszynski , Fumito Masui

Word embeddings have recently seen a strong increase in interest as a result of strong performance gains on a variety of tasks. However, most of this research also underlined the importance of benchmark datasets, and the difficulty of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-04 Stéphan Tulkens , Chris Emmery , Walter Daelemans

There have been some works that learn a lexicon together with the corpus to improve the word embeddings. However, they either model the lexicon separately but update the neural networks for both the corpus and the lexicon by the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-25 Yuanzhi Ke , Masafumi Hagiwara

This paper measures variation in embedding spaces which have been trained on different regional varieties of English while controlling for instability in the embeddings. While previous work has shown that it is possible to distinguish…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Jonathan Dunn

One of the central aspects of contextualised language models is that they should be able to distinguish the meaning of lexically ambiguous words by their contexts. In this paper we investigate the extent to which the contextualised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Janosch Haber , Massimo Poesio

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) rely on contextual embeddings which generate different (continuous) representations for the same token depending on its surrounding context. Nonetheless, words and tokens typically have a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Qitong Wang , Mohammed J. Zaki , Georgios Kollias , Vasileios Kalantzis

The use of subword-level information (e.g., characters, character n-grams, morphemes) has become ubiquitous in modern word representation learning. Its importance is attested especially for morphologically rich languages which generate a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Yi Zhu , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

Analyses of transformer-based models have shown that they encode a variety of linguistic information from their textual input. While these analyses have shed a light on the relation between linguistic information on one side, and internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Vivi Nastase , Paola Merlo

In the new era of internet systems and applications, a concept of detecting distinguished topics from huge amounts of text has gained a lot of attention. These methods use representation of text in a numerical format -- called embeddings --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Danial Toufani-Movaghar , Mohammad-Reza Feizi-Derakhshi

Cosine similarity between two words, computed using their contextualised token embeddings obtained from masked language models (MLMs) such as BERT has shown to underestimate the actual similarity between those words (Zhou et al., 2022).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Saeth Wannasuphoprasit , Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala

Cross-lingual word embeddings aim to capture common linguistic regularities of different languages, which benefit various downstream tasks ranging from machine translation to transfer learning. Recently, it has been shown that these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Pengcheng Yang , Fuli Luo , Shuangzhi Wu , Jingjing Xu , Dongdong Zhang , Xu Sun

Learning word embeddings using distributional information is a task that has been studied by many researchers, and a lot of studies are reported in the literature. On the contrary, less studies were done for the case of multiple languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Marco Berlot , Evan Kaplan

Cross-lingual embeddings represent the meaning of words from different languages in the same vector space. Recent work has shown that it is possible to construct such representations by aligning independently learned monolingual embedding…

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 and Claude 3.5, underscores the need to distinguish LLM-generated text from human-written content to mitigate the spread of misinformation and misuse in education. One…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-11 Xingchi Li , Xiaochi Liu , Guanxun Li

Representation learning is the foundation of machine reading comprehension and inference. In state-of-the-art models, character-level representations have been broadly adopted to alleviate the problem of effectively representing rare or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao , Kangwei Ling , Jiangtong Li , Zuchao Li , Shexia He , Guohong Fu

Embedding audio signal segments into vectors with fixed dimensionality is attractive because all following processing will be easier and more efficient, for example modeling, classifying or indexing. Audio Word2Vec previously proposed was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Sung-Feng Huang , Yi-Chen Chen , Hung-yi Lee , Lin-shan Lee