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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical applications, ensuring their robustness and safety alignment remains a major challenge. Despite the overall success of alignment techniques such as reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu

In-context learning (ICL) is an important capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling these models to dynamically adapt based on specific, in-context exemplars, thereby improving accuracy and relevance. However, LLM's responses may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Tong Wu , Ashwinee Panda , Jiachen T. Wang , Prateek Mittal

With careful manipulation, malicious agents can reverse engineer private information encoded in pre-trained language models. Security concerns motivate the development of quantum pre-training. In this work, we propose a highly Portable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Shuyue Stella Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Shu Zhou , Hongchao Shu , Ruixing Liang , Hexin Liu , Leibny Paola Garcia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

Large Language Models (LLMs) built on transformer architectures have transformed natural language processing, achieving remarkable performance across diverse applications. While distributed inference frameworks enable practical deployment…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Lang Xu , Kaushik Kandadi Suresh , Quentin Anthony , Nawras Alnaasan , Dhabaleswar K. Panda

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) raises privacy concerns due to the risk of exposing sensitive training data. Federated learning (FL) mitigates this risk by keeping training samples on local devices, while facing the following…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zhichao You , Xuewen Dong , Ke Cheng , Xutong Mu , Jiaxuan Fu , Shiyang Ma , Qiang Qu , Yulong Shen

Local differential privacy (LDP) is a model where users send privatized data to an untrusted central server whose goal it to solve some data analysis task. In the non-interactive version of this model the protocol consists of a single round…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Yuval Dagan , Vitaly Feldman

Large language models (LLMs) are useful in many NLP tasks and become more capable with size, with the best open-source models having over 50 billion parameters. However, using these 50B+ models requires high-end hardware, making them…

The generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools based on Large Language Models (LLMs) use billions of parameters to extensively analyse large datasets and extract critical private information such as, context, specific details,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Imdad Ullah , Najm Hassan , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Basem Suleiman , Tariq Ahamed Ahanger , Zawar Shah , Junaid Qadir , Salil S. Kanhere

The high cost of ownership of AI compute infrastructure and challenges of robust serving of large language models (LLMs) has led to a surge in managed Model-as-a-service deployments. Even when enterprises choose on-premises deployments, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jay Roberts , Kyle Mylonakis , Sidhartha Roy , Kaan Kale

Large language models (LLMs) based on decoder-only transformers have demonstrated superior text understanding capabilities compared to CLIP and T5-series models. However, the paradigm for utilizing current advanced LLMs in text-to-image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Bingqi Ma , Zhuofan Zong , Guanglu Song , Hongsheng Li , Yu Liu

The large language models have achieved superior performance on various natural language tasks. One major drawback of such approaches is they are resource-intensive in fine-tuning new datasets. Soft-prompt tuning presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Guoxin Chen , Yiming Qian , Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li

Large Language models (LLMs) are achieving state-of-the-art performance in many different downstream tasks. However, the increasing urgency of data privacy puts pressure on practitioners to train LLMs with Differential Privacy (DP) on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 James Flemings , Murali Annavaram

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools for natural language processing, enabling novel applications and user experiences. However, to achieve optimal performance, LLMs often require adaptation with private data, which poses privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Rui Wen , Tianhao Wang , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Ahmed Salem

Large language models (LLMs) are known for their exceptional performance across a range of natural language processing tasks, but their deployment comes at a high computational and financial cost. On the other hand, smaller language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Adarsh MS , Jithin VG , Ditto PS

The rapid deployment of large language models (LLMs) in consumer applications has led to frequent exchanges of personal information. To obtain useful responses, users often share more than necessary, increasing privacy risks via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jijie Zhou , Niloofar Mireshghallah , Tianshi Li

System prompts that include detailed instructions to describe the task performed by the underlying LLM can easily transform foundation models into tools and services with minimal overhead. They are often considered intellectual property,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-07 David Pape , Sina Mavali , Thorsten Eisenhofer , Lea Schönherr

Prompting has shown impressive success in enabling large pretrained language models (LMs) to perform diverse NLP tasks, especially when only few downstream data are available. Automatically finding the optimal prompt for each task, however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Mingkai Deng , Jianyu Wang , Cheng-Ping Hsieh , Yihan Wang , Han Guo , Tianmin Shu , Meng Song , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

Model adaptation is crucial to handle the discrepancy between proxy training data and actual users data received. To effectively perform adaptation, textual data of users is typically stored on servers or their local devices, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Arpita Vats , Zhe Liu , Peng Su , Debjyoti Paul , Yingyi Ma , Yutong Pang , Zeeshan Ahmed , Ozlem Kalinli

Large language models (LLMs) enable system builders today to create competent NLP systems through prompting, where they only need to describe the task in natural language and provide a few examples. However, in other ways, LLMs are a step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Vijay Viswanathan , Chenyang Zhao , Amanda Bertsch , Tongshuang Wu , Graham Neubig