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Related papers: The Consensus Trap: Dissecting Subjectivity and th…

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Annotation errors are a challenge not only during training of machine learning models, but also during their evaluation. Label variations and inaccuracies in datasets often manifest as contradictory examples that deviate from established…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-23 David Tschirschwitz , Volker Rodehorst

Supervised machine learning utilizes large datasets, often with ground truth labels annotated by humans. While some data points are easy to classify, others are hard to classify, which reduces the inter-annotator agreement. This causes…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Andrea Papenmeier , Dagmar Kern , Daniel Hienert , Yvonne Kammerer , Christin Seifert

Efficiently evaluating the performance of text-to-image models is difficult as it inherently requires subjective judgment and human preference, making it hard to compare different models and quantify the state of the art. Leveraging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Dimitrios Christodoulou , Mads Kuhlmann-Jørgensen

Data cleaning is often framed as a technical preprocessing step, yet in practice it relies heavily on human judgment. We report results from a controlled survey study in which participants performed error detection, data repair and…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Hazim AbdElazim , Shadman Islam , Mostafa Milani

Typically crowdsourcing-based approaches to gather annotated data use inter-annotator agreement as a measure of quality. However, in many domains, there is ambiguity in the data, as well as a multitude of perspectives of the information…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Anca Dumitrache , Oana Inel , Lora Aroyo , Benjamin Timmermans , Chris Welty

Human ratings have become a crucial resource for training and evaluating machine learning systems. However, traditional elicitation methods for absolute and comparative rating suffer from issues with consistency and often do not distinguish…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Quanze Chen , Daniel S. Weld , Amy X. Zhang

Data annotation remains the sine qua non of machine learning and AI. Recent empirical work on data annotation has begun to highlight the importance of rater diversity for fairness, model performance, and new lines of research have begun to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Andrew Smart , Ding Wang , Ellis Monk , Mark Díaz , Atoosa Kasirzadeh , Erin Van Liemt , Sonja Schmer-Galunder

Ranking a set of objects involves establishing an order allowing for comparisons between any pair of objects in the set. Oftentimes, due to the unavailability of a ground truth of ranked orders, researchers resort to obtaining judgments…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-19 Rahul Gupta , Shrikanth Narayanan

Annotation pipelines in Natural Language Processing (NLP) commonly assume a single latent ground truth per instance and resolve disagreement through label aggregation. Perspectivist approaches challenge this view by treating disagreement as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Olga Kellert , Sriya Kondury , Candice Koo , Nemika Tyagi , Steffen Eikenberry

When annotators disagree, predicting the labels given by individual annotators can capture nuances overlooked by traditional label aggregation. We introduce three approaches to predicting individual annotator ratings on the toxicity of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Harbani Jaggi , Kashyap Murali , Eve Fleisig , Erdem Bıyık

Recent works have emerged in multi-annotator learning that shift focus from Consensus-oriented Learning (CoL), which aggregates multiple annotations into a single ground-truth prediction, to Individual Tendency Learning (ITL), which models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Liyun Zhang , Fengkai Liu , Xuanmeng Sha , Bowen Wang , Hong Liu , Zheng Lian

Text-based automated Cognitive Distortion detection is a challenging task due to its subjective nature, with low agreement scores observed even among expert human annotators, leading to unreliable annotations. We explore the use of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Neha Sharma , Navneet Agarwal , Kairit Sirts

When copies of the same language model are prompted to debate, they produce diverse phrasings of one perspective rather than diverse perspectives. Multi-agent debate (MAD), and more broadly closed-system reasoning where agents iteratively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Kwan Soo Shin

Suicidal ideation detection is critical for real-time suicide prevention, yet its progress faces two under-explored challenges: limited language coverage and unreliable annotation practices. Most available datasets are in English, but even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Amina Dzafic , Merve Kavut , Ulya Bayram

Data annotated by humans is a source of knowledge by describing the peculiarities of the problem and therefore fueling the decision process of the trained model. Unfortunately, the annotation process for subjective natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Kamil Kanclerz , Julita Bielaniewicz , Marcin Gruza , Jan Kocon , Stanisław Woźniak , Przemysław Kazienko

Epistemic voting interprets votes as noisy signals about a ground truth. We consider contexts where the truth consists of a set of objective winners, knowing a lower and upper bound on its cardinality. A prototypical problem for this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Tahar Allouche , Jérôme Lang , Florian Yger

Humans often hold different perspectives on the same issues. In many NLP tasks, annotation disagreement can reflect valid subjective perspectives. Modeling annotator perspectives and understanding their relationship with other human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Leixin Zhang , Cagri Coltekin

In an era of AI-generated misinformation flooding the web, existing tools struggle to empower users with nuanced, transparent assessments of content credibility. They often default to binary (true/false) classifications without contextual…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Joydeep Chandra , Aleksandr Algazinov , Satyam Kumar Navneet , Rim El Filali , Matt Laing , Andrew Hanna , Yong Zhang

Although agreement between annotators has been studied in the past from a statistical viewpoint, little work has attempted to quantify the extent to which this phenomenon affects the evaluation of computer vision (CV) object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Thomas A. Lampert , André Stumpf , Pierre Gançarski

Since state-of-the-art approaches to offensive language detection rely on supervised learning, it is crucial to quickly adapt them to the continuously evolving scenario of social media. While several approaches have been proposed to tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Elisa Leonardelli , Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Marco Guerini , Sara Tonelli
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