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Better understanding of Large Language Models' (LLMs) legal analysis abilities can contribute to improving the efficiency of legal services, governing artificial intelligence, and leveraging LLMs to identify inconsistencies in law. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 John J. Nay , David Karamardian , Sarah B. Lawsky , Wenting Tao , Meghana Bhat , Raghav Jain , Aaron Travis Lee , Jonathan H. Choi , Jungo Kasai

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various general domains, they exhibit notable gaps in the highly specialized, knowledge-intensive, and legally regulated Chinese tax domain. Consequently, while tax-related benchmarks are gaining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gang Hu , Yating Chen , Haiyan Ding , Wang Gao , Jiajia Huang , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie , Kun Yue

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in general-domain tasks, yet their direct application to the legal domain remains challenging due to hallucinated legal citations, incomplete knowledge coverage, and weak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuting Huang , Yinghao Hu , Qian Xiao , Wenlin Zhong , Yiquan Wu , Taishi Zhou , Moke Chen , Changlong Sun , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle in specialized domains such as legal reasoning due to limited expert knowledge, resulting in factually incorrect outputs or hallucinations. This paper presents an effective method for adapting…

This paper provides an experimental evaluation of the capability of large language models (LLMs) to assist in legal decision-making within the framework of Austrian and European Union value-added tax (VAT) law. In tax consulting practice,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Marina Luketina , Andrea Benkel , Christoph G. Schuetz

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language tasks, marking significant strides towards general artificial intelligence. While general artificial intelligence is leveraged by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yizhe Yang , Huashan Sun , Jiawei Li , Runheng Liu , Yinghao Li , Yuhang Liu , Heyan Huang , Yang Gao

Grading German legal exam solutions faces growing volumes and a shortage of qualified graders, delaying feedback and creating a bottleneck. At the same time, it is a high-stakes expert task, since state exam grades strongly influence career…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Abdullah Al Zubaer , Lorenz Wendlinger , Simon Alexander Nonn , Michael Granitzer , Jelena Mitrovic

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into legal applications, including judicial decision support, legal practice assistance, and public-facing legal services. While LLMs show strong potential in handling legal…

How capable are large language models (LLMs) in the domain of taxation? Although numerous studies have explored the legal domain, research dedicated to taxation remains scarce. Moreover, the datasets used in these studies are either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Eunkyung Choi , Youngjin Suh , Siun Lee , Hongseok Oh , Juheon Kang , Won Hur , Hun Park , Wonseok Hwang

Long-form legal reasoning remains a key challenge for large language models (LLMs) in spite of recent advances in test-time scaling. To address this, we introduce LEXam, a novel benchmark derived from 340 law exams spanning 116 law school…

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), it is crucial to have benchmarks which can evaluate the ability of LLMs on different domains. One common use of LLMs is performing tasks on scientific topics, such as writing…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in highly-specialized domains, however challenges are still present in aspects of accuracy and costs. These limitations restrict the usage of existing models in domain-specific tasks. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Iftach Arbel , Yehonathan Refael , Ofir Lindenbaum

In the rapidly evolving field of legal analytics, finding relevant cases and accurately predicting judicial outcomes are challenging because of the complexity of legal language, which often includes specialized terminology, complex syntax,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Dong Shu , Haoran Zhao , Xukun Liu , David Demeter , Mengnan Du , Yongfeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their remarkable performance across various language understanding tasks. While emerging benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate LLMs in various domains such as mathematics and computer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Junnan Dong , Zijin Hong , Yuanchen Bei , Feiran Huang , Xinrun Wang , Xiao Huang

Recent strides in Large Language Models (LLMs) have saturated many Natural Language Processing (NLP) benchmarks, emphasizing the need for more challenging ones to properly assess LLM capabilities. However, domain-specific and multilingual…

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) for legal reasoning requires workflows that span task design, expert annotation, model execution, and metric-based evaluation. In practice, these steps are split across platforms and scripts, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Sebastian Nagl , Matthias Grabmair

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential for domain-specific applications, such as the law domain. However, recent disputes over GPT-4's law evaluation raise questions concerning their performance in real-world legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ruihao Shui , Yixin Cao , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

We investigate whether large language models can discover and analyze U.S. tax-minimization strategies. This real-world domain challenges even seasoned human experts, and progress can reduce tax revenue lost from well-advised, wealthy…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-23 Andrew Blair-Stanek , Nils Holzenberger , Benjamin Van Durme

Syllogistic reasoning is crucial for sound legal decision-making, allowing legal professionals to draw logical conclusions by applying general principles to specific case facts. While large language models (LLMs) can answer legal questions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Kepu Zhang , Weijie Yu , Zhongxiang Sun , Jun Xu

Tumor documentation in Germany is largely done manually, requiring reading patient records and entering data into structured databases. Large language models (LLMs) could potentially enhance this process by improving efficiency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Stefan Lenz , Arsenij Ustjanzew , Marco Jeray , Meike Ressing , Torsten Panholzer
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