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With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), many deep learning practitioners are looking for strategies of running these models more efficiently. One such strategy is to use sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) - a type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artyom Eliseev , Denis Mazur

Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) based large language models (LLMs), such as the recent Mixtral and DeepSeek-MoE, have shown great promise in scaling model size without suffering from the quadratic growth of training cost of dense transformers. Like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Longfei Yun , Yonghao Zhuang , Yao Fu , Eric P Xing , Hao Zhang

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as an effective approach for training extremely large models with improved computational efficiency. This success builds upon extensive prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Giang Do , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity in achieving state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. They effectively expand the model capacity while incurring a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haiyang Huang , Newsha Ardalani , Anna Sun , Liu Ke , Hsien-Hsin S. Lee , Anjali Sridhar , Shruti Bhosale , Carole-Jean Wu , Benjamin Lee

While large language models (LLMs) excel on generation tasks, their decoder-only architecture often limits their potential as embedding models if no further representation finetuning is applied. Does this contradict their claim of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ziyue Li , Tianyi Zhou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models dramatically expand model capacity and achieve remarkable performance without increasing per-token compute. However, can MoEs surpass dense architectures under strictly equal resource constraints --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Houyi Li , Ka Man Lo , Shijie Xuyang , Ziqi Wang , Wenzhen Zheng , Haocheng Zhang , Zhao Li , Shuigeng Zhou , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

In this paper, we introduce a novel dynamic expert selection framework for Mixture of Experts (MoE) models, aiming to enhance computational efficiency and model performance by adjusting the number of activated experts based on input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Quzhe Huang , Zhenwei An , Nan Zhuang , Mingxu Tao , Chen Zhang , Yang Jin , Kun Xu , Kun Xu , Liwei Chen , Songfang Huang , Yansong Feng

Recent efforts on Diffusion Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have primarily focused on developing more sophisticated routing mechanisms. However, we observe that the underlying architectural configuration space remains markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yahui Liu , Yang Yue , Jingyuan Zhang , Chenxi Sun , Yang Zhou , Wencong Zeng , Ruiming Tang , Guorui Zhou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) activates only a subset of experts during inference, allowing the model to maintain low inference FLOPs and latency even as the parameter count scales up. However, since MoE dynamically selects the experts, all the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Yitong Li , Duyu Tang , Zhi-Hong Deng , Yunhe Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) benefits from a dynamic routing mechanism among their specialized experts, which existing Parameter- Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) strategies fail to leverage. This motivates us to investigate whether adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yilun Liu , Yunpu Ma , Yuetian Lu , Shuo Chen , Zifeng Ding , Volker Tresp

Mixture of experts (MoE) is a popular technique to improve capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with conditionally-activated parallel experts. However, serving MoE models on memory-constrained devices is challenging due to the large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Rui Kong , Yuanchun Li , Qingtian Feng , Weijun Wang , Xiaozhou Ye , Ye Ouyang , Linghe Kong , Yunxin Liu

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a powerful tool for interpreting large language models (LLMs) by decomposing token activations into combinations of human-understandable features. While SAEs provide crucial insights into LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zhen Xu , Zhen Tan , Song Wang , Kaidi Xu , Tianlong Chen

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have substantially improved the training of large-scale language models, leading to significant gains in generation quality and reasoning ability. However, most existing research focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Di Zhang , Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Lingjie Jiang , Yaru Hao , Li Dong , Zewen Chi , Zhifang Sui , Furu Wei

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has become a mainstream architecture for building Large Language Models (LLMs) by reducing per-token computation while enabling model scaling. It can be viewed as partitioning a large Feed-Forward Network (FFN) at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Weilin Cai , Le Qin , Shwai He , Junwei Cui , Ang Li , Jiayi Huang

KV cache memory is the dominant bottleneck for long-context LLM inference. Existing compression methods each act on a single axis of the four-dimensional KV tensor -- token eviction (sequence), quantization (precision), low-rank projection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Libo Sun , Peixiong He , Po-Wei Harn , Xiao Qin

While federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) without compromising data privacy, the substantial size of an LLM renders on-device training impractical for resource-constrained clients, such as mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Zihan Fang , Zheng Lin , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Yihang Tao , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Yuguang Fang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models promise efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of experts per token, but their parallelized inference pipelines make elastic serving challenging. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Gursimran Singh , Timothy Yu , Haley Li , Cheng Chen , Hanieh Sadri , Qintao Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

Large language models (LLMs) require continual updates to rectify outdated or erroneous knowledge. Model editing has emerged as a compelling paradigm for introducing targeted modifications without the computational burden of full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sicheng Lyu , Yu Gu , Xinyu Wang , Jerry Huang , Sitao Luan , Yufei Cui , Xiao-Wen Chang , Peng Lu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures employ sparse activation to deliver faster training and inference with higher accuracy than dense LLMs. However, in production serving, MoE models require batch inference to optimize hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Juntong Wu , Jialiang Cheng , Fuyu Lv , Ou Dan , Li Yuan

The field of natural language processing (NLP) has made significant strides in recent years, particularly in the development of large-scale vision-language models (VLMs). These models aim to bridge the gap between text and visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Sheng Shen , Zhewei Yao , Chunyuan Li , Trevor Darrell , Kurt Keutzer , Yuxiong He