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Incompatibility is a feature of quantum theory that sets it apart from classical theory, and the inability to clone an unknown quantum state is one of the most fundamental instances. The no-hiding theorem is another such instance that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Matthew Girling , Cristina Cirstoiu , David Jennings

As large-scale quantum computers become a reality, they will likely exist as centralized cloud resources accessible to a broad user base. Securely delegating private quantum computations to untrusted servers is therefore a foundational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Sanidhya Gupta , Ankur Raina

In this note, we consider the setting of uncloneable encryption satisfying uncloneable indistinguishability, a form of symmetric key encryption that prevents the cloning of ciphertexts in a very strong sense. Our goal is to minimize the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 James Bartusek , Eli Goldin

Attempts at cloning a quantum system result in the introduction of imperfections in the state of the copies. This is a consequence of the no-cloning theorem, which is a fundamental law of quantum physics and the backbone of security for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-17 Frédéric Bouchard , Robert Fickler , Robert W Boyd , Ebrahim Karimi

No-cloning theorem forbids perfect cloning of an unknown quantum state. A universal quantum cloning machine (UQCM), capable of producing two copies of any input qubit with the optimal fidelity, is of fundamental interest and has…

While the no-cloning theorem, which forbids the perfect copying of quantum states, is well-known as one of the defining features of quantum mechanics, the question of how well the theory allows a state to be cloned is yet to be completely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-25 Alastair Kay , Ravishankar Ramanathan , Dagomir Kaszlikowski

We consider the cloning of sequences of qubits prepared in the states used in the BB84 or 6-state quantum cryptography protocol, and show that the single-qubit fidelity is unaffected even if entire sequences of qubits are prepared in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. -P. Lamoureux , H. Bechmann-Pasquinucci , N. J. Cerf , N. Gisin , C. Macchiavello

Existing quantum key distribution schemes need the support of classical authentication scheme to ensure security. This is a conceptual drawback of quantum cryptography. It is pointed out that quantum cryptosystem does not need any support…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-07-18 Arindam Mitra

With experimental quantum computing technologies now in their infancy, the search for efficient means of testing the correctness of these quantum computations is becoming more pressing. An approach to the verification of quantum computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 Alexandru Gheorghiu , Matty J. Hoban , Elham Kashefi

We consider experimentally feasible chains of trapped ions with pseudo-spin 1/2, and find models that can potentially be used to implement error-resistant quantum computation. Similar in spirit to classical neural networks, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-20 Sibylle Braungardt , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen , Maciej Lewenstein

We prove a new impossibility for quantum information (the no-splitting theorem): an unknown quantum bit (qubit) cannot be split into two complementary qubits. This impossibility, together with the no-cloning theorem, demonstrates that an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 D. L. Zhou , B. Zeng , L. You

Quantum no-cloning, the impossibility of perfectly cloning an arbitrary unknown quantum state, is one of the most fundamental limitations due to the laws of quantum mechanics, which underpin the physical security of quantum key…

The goal of this paper is to review the theoretical basis for achieving a faithful quantum information transmission and processing in the presence of noise. Initially encoding and decoding, implementing gates and quantum error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. J. Salas

We study the role of interference in the process of quantum cloning. We show that in order to achieve better than classical cloning of a qubit no interference is needed. In particular, a large class of symmetric universal 1$\to$ 2 qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Benoit Roubert , Daniel Braun

Due to the Heisemberg uncertainty principle, it is impossible to design a procedure which permits perfect cloning of an arbitrary, unknown "qubit" (the spin or polarization state of a single quantum system)1,2. However, it is believed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Daniele Tommasini

The famous no-cloning principle has been shown recently to enable a number of uncloneable functionalities. Here we address for the first time unkeyed quantum uncloneablity, via the study of a complexity-theoretic tool that enables a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-14 Anne Broadbent , Martti Karvonen , Sébastien Lord

Encrypted control has been extensively studied to ensure the confidentiality of system states and control inputs for networked control systems. This paper presents a computationally efficient encrypted control framework for networked…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Zihao Ren , Daniel Quevedo , Salah Sukkarieh , Guodong Shi

A common way of stating the non-cloning theorem -- one of distinguishing characteristics of quantum theory -- is that one cannot make a copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. Even though this theorem is an important part of the ongoing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-17 Arkady Bolotin

Perfect Quantum Cloning Machines (QCM) would allow to use quantum nonlocality for arbitrary fast signaling. However perfect QCM cannot exist. We derive a bound on the fidelity of QCM compatible with the no-signaling constraint. This bound…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Nicolas Gisin

Due to the no-cloning theorem, generating perfect quantum clones of an arbitrary unknown quantum state is not possible, however approximate quantum clones can be constructed. Quantum telecloning is a protocol that originates from a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-11 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , Bryan Garcia , Boris Kiefer , Stephan Eidenbenz