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Federated learning (FL) provides a distributed learning framework for multiple participants to collaborate learning without sharing raw data. In many practical FL scenarios, participants have heterogeneous resources due to disparities in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Junyuan Hong , Haotao Wang , Zhangyang Wang , Jiayu Zhou

Large Artificial Intelligence Models (LAMs) powered by massive datasets, extensive parameter scales, and extensive computational resources, leading to significant transformations across various industries. Yet, their practical deployment on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Xianke Qiang , Hongda Liu , Xinran Zhang , Zheng Chang , Ying-Chang Liang

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged to allow multiple clients to collaboratively train machine learning models on their private data at the network edge. However, training and deploying large-scale models on resource-constrained devices is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Yang Xu , Yunming Liao , Hongli Xu , Zhipeng Sun , Liusheng Huang , Chunming Qiao

Large pre-trained models have exhibited remarkable achievements across various domains. The substantial training costs associated with these models have led to wide studies of fine-tuning for effectively harnessing their capabilities in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Linxiao Cao , Yifei Zhu , Wei Gong

A Federated Learning (FL) system collaboratively trains neural networks across devices and a server but is limited by significant on-device computation costs. Split Federated Learning (SFL) systems mitigate this by offloading a block of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Zhang , Leon Wong , Blesson Varghese

The large communication and computation overhead of federated learning (FL) is one of the main challenges facing its practical deployment over resource-constrained clients and systems. In this work, SpaFL: a communication-efficient FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Minsu Kim , Walid Saad , Merouane Debbah , Choong Seon Hong

Vehicular edge intelligence (VEI) is vital for future intelligent transportation systems. However, traditional centralized learning in dynamic vehicular networks faces significant communication overhead and privacy risks. Split federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Lu Yu , Zheng Chang , Ying-Chang Liang

Collaboratively fine-tuning (FT) large language models (LLMs) over heterogeneous mobile devices fosters immense potential applications of personalized intelligence. However, such a vision faces critical system challenges. Conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xingke Yang , Liang Li , Sicong Li , Liwei Guan , Hao Wang , Xiaoqi Qi , Jiang Liu , Xin Fu , Miao Pan

Federated learning (FL) is a decentralized machine learning paradigm in which multiple clients collaboratively train a global model by exchanging only model updates with the central server without sharing the local data of the clients. Due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jonas Klotz , Barış Büyüktaş , Begüm Demir

The increasing complexity of neural networks poses a significant barrier to the deployment of distributed machine learning (ML) on resource-constrained devices, such as federated learning (FL). Split learning (SL) offers a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zehang Lin , Zheng Lin , Miao Yang , Jianhao Huang , Yuxin Zhang , Zihan Fang , Xia Du , Zhe Chen , Shunzhi Zhu , Wei Ni

The traditional framework of federated learning (FL) requires each client to re-train their models in every iteration, making it infeasible for resource-constrained mobile devices to train deep-learning (DL) models. Split learning (SL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Manas Wadhwa , Gagan Raj Gupta , Ashutosh Sahu , Rahul Saini , Vidhi Mittal

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has created an unprecedented demand for fine-tuning models for specialized domains, such as medical science. While federated learning (FL) offers a decentralized and privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Amir Faiyaz , Tara Salman

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients (e.g., edge devices) without sharing raw data. Yet, FL can be computationally expensive as the clients need to train the entire model multiple times.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Chao Huang , Geng Tian , Ming Tang

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) provides opportunities for the promotion of deep neural network (DNN)-based applications. However, the large amount of parameters and computational complexity of DNN makes it difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Ce Xu , Jinxuan Li , Yuan Liu , Yushi Ling , Miaowen Wen

Private data, being larger and quality-higher than public data, can greatly improve large language models (LLM). However, due to privacy concerns, this data is often dispersed in multiple silos, making its secure utilization for LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 JiaYing Zheng , HaiNan Zhang , LingXiang Wang , WangJie Qiu , HongWei Zheng , ZhiMing Zheng

Decentralized machine learning has broadened its scope recently with the invention of Federated Learning (FL), Split Learning (SL), and their hybrids like Split Federated Learning (SplitFed or SFL). The goal of SFL is to reduce the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Chamani Shiranthika , Zahra Hafezi Kafshgari , Parvaneh Saeedi , Ivan V. Bajić

Mobile devices contribute more than half of the world's web traffic, providing massive and diverse data for powering various federated learning (FL) applications. In order to avoid the communication bottleneck on the parameter server (PS)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yunming Liao , Yang Xu , Hongli Xu , Zhiwei Yao , Liusheng Huang , Chunming Qiao

The integration of autonomous driving technologies with vehicular networks presents significant challenges in privacy preservation, communication efficiency, and resource allocation. This paper proposes a novel U-shaped split federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Lu Yu , Zheng Chang , Yunjian Jia , Geyong Min

The current paradigm of training large language models (LLMs) on public available Web data is becoming unsustainable as high-quality data sources in specialized domains near exhaustion. Federated Learning (FL) emerges as a practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Guochen Yan , Luyuan Xie , Qingni Shen , Yuejian Fang , Zhonghai Wu

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has recently emerged as a promising distributed learning technology, leveraging the strengths of both federated and split learning. It emphasizes the advantages of rapid convergence while addressing privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Joohyung Lee , Mohamed Seif , Jungchan Cho , H. Vincent Poor