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Nowadays, deep neural networks are widely used in a variety of fields that have a direct impact on society. Although those models typically show outstanding performance, they have been used for a long time as black boxes. To address this,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Huawei Sun , Lorenzo Servadei , Hao Feng , Michael Stephan , Robert Wille , Avik Santra

Shapley values provide model agnostic feature attributions for model outcome at a particular instance by simulating feature absence under a global population distribution. The use of a global population can lead to potentially misleading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Sahra Ghalebikesabi , Lucile Ter-Minassian , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Chris Holmes

Synthetic tabular data, which are widely used in domains such as healthcare, enterprise operations, and customer analytics, are increasingly evaluated to ensure that they preserve both privacy and utility. While existing evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ke Yu , Shigeru Ishikura , Yukari Usukura , Yuki Shigoku , Teruaki Hayashi

Shapley value is a concept from game theory. Recently, it has been used for explaining complex models produced by machine learning techniques. Although the mathematical definition of Shapley value is straight-forward, the implication of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Sisi Ma , Roshan Tourani

Astrochemical modelling of the interstellar medium typically makes use of complex computational codes with parameters whose values can be varied. It is not always clear what the exact nature of the relationship is between these input…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-09-14 Johannes Heyl , Joshua Butterworth , Serena Viti

Shapley values have emerged as a widely accepted and trustworthy tool, grounded in theoretical axioms, for addressing challenges posed by black-box models like deep neural networks. However, computing Shapley values encounters exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Borui Zhang , Baotong Tian , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

We introduce Aumann-SHAP, an interaction-aware framework that decomposes counterfactual transitions by restricting the model to a local hypercube connecting baseline and counterfactual features. Each hyper-cube is decomposed into a grid in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Adam Belahcen , Stéphane Mussard

Distributional data Shapley value (DShapley) has recently been proposed as a principled framework to quantify the contribution of individual datum in machine learning. DShapley develops the foundational game theory concept of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-19 Yongchan Kwon , Manuel A. Rivas , James Zou

A well-established insight in mortality forecasting is that combining predictions from a set of models improves accuracy compared to relying on a single best model. This paper proposes a novel ensemble approach based on Shapley values, a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-05 G. Bimonte , M. Russolillo , Y. Yang , H. L. Shang

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to help human decision-makers in understanding complex machine learning (ML) models. One of the hallmarks of XAI are measures of relative feature importance, which are theoretically justified…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Joao Marques-Silva , Xuanxiang Huang

We consider a global representation of a regression or classification function by decomposing it into the sum of main and interaction components of arbitrary order. We propose a new identification constraint that allows for the extraction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Munir Hiabu , Joseph T. Meyer , Marvin N. Wright

The Shapley value provides a principled framework for fairly distributing rewards among participants according to their individual contributions. While prior work has applied this concept to data valuation in machine learning, existing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Zhuofan Jia , Jian Pei

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) holds immense significance in enhancing the deep neural network's transparency and credibility, particularly in some risky and high-cost scenarios, like synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Shapley is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Xuran Hu , Mingzhe Zhu , Yuanjing Liu , Zhenpeng Feng , LJubisa Stankovic

SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is a key tool for interpreting decision tree ensembles by assigning contribution values to features. It is widely used in finance, advertising, medicine, and other domains. Two main approaches to SHAP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Alexander Nadel , Ron Wettenstein

Thanks to its solid theoretical foundation, the SHAP framework is arguably one the most widely utilized frameworks for local explainability of ML models. Despite its popularity, its exact computation is known to be very challenging, proven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Reda Marzouk , Colin de La Higuera

Feature attributions based on the Shapley value are popular for explaining machine learning models; however, their estimation is complex from both a theoretical and computational standpoint. We disentangle this complexity into two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Hugh Chen , Ian C. Covert , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Feature attribution methods have become essential for explaining machine learning models. Many popular approaches, such as SHAP and Banzhaf values, are grounded in power indices from cooperative game theory, which measure the contribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 P. Barceló , R. Cominetti , M. Morgado

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Explaining machine learning (ML) models using eXplainable AI (XAI) techniques has become essential to make them more transparent and trustworthy. This is especially important in high-stakes domains like healthcare, where understanding model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Felix Tempel , Daniel Groos , Espen Alexander F. Ihlen , Lars Adde , Inga Strümke

Data samples collected for training machine learning models are typically assumed to be independent and identically distributed (iid). Recent research has demonstrated that this assumption can be problematic as it simplifies the manifold of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Kaixuan Zhang , Qinglong Wang , Xue Liu , C. Lee Giles
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