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Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern software systems, interfacing between the user and the Internet to assist with tasks that require advanced language understanding. To accomplish these tasks, the LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Sizhe Chen , Arman Zharmagambetov , Saeed Mahloujifar , Kamalika Chaudhuri , David Wagner , Chuan Guo

Jailbreaking is an emerging adversarial attack that bypasses the safety alignment deployed in off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs). A considerable amount of research exists proposing more effective jailbreak attacks, including the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Daoyuan Wu , Shuai Wang , Yang Liu , Ning Liu

Cryptographic protocols play a fundamental role in securing modern digital infrastructure, but they are often deployed without prior formal verification. This could lead to the adoption of distributed systems vulnerable to attack vectors.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Cristian Curaba , Denis D'Ambrosi , Alessandro Minisini , Natalia Pérez-Campanero Antolín

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various tasks and have been extensively utilized by the public. However, the increasing concerns regarding the misuse of LLMs, such as plagiarism and spamming, have led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Ning Lu , Shengcai Liu , Rui He , Qi Wang , Yew-Soon Ong , Ke Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across various fields, yet their increasing use raises critical security concerns. This article reviews recent literature addressing key issues in LLM security, with a focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Benji Peng , Keyu Chen , Ming Li , Pohsun Feng , Ziqian Bi , Junyu Liu , Xinyuan Song , Qian Niu

Automatic adversarial prompt generation provides remarkable success in jailbreaking safely-aligned large language models (LLMs). Existing gradient-based attacks, while demonstrating outstanding performance in jailbreaking white-box LLMs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Qizhang Li , Xiaochen Yang , Wangmeng Zuo , Yiwen Guo

In recent years, the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, research indicates that LLMs are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversaries can induce the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Jiawei Zhao , Kejiang Chen , Xiaojian Yuan , Weiming Zhang

With the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), significant progress has been made in code generation, enabling LLMs to transform natural language into programming code. These Code LLMs have been widely accepted by massive users and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Fangzhou Wu , Xiaogeng Liu , Chaowei Xiao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Zhonghao Qi , Yupeng Qin , Yilin Li , Caini Chang , Jiahui Yu , Changting Lin , Zhenzhen Xie , Meng Han

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and have come to dominate the field of natural language processing (NLP) across various tasks. However, due to their strong instruction-following capabilities and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yue Liu , Yufei He , Xiaoling Bai , Chi Fei , Yabo Li , Haozhe Ma , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

Large language models (LLMs) have become indispensable for automated code generation, yet the quality and security of their outputs remain a critical concern. Existing studies predominantly concentrate on adversarial attacks or inherent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bin Wang , YiLu Zhong , MiDi Wan , WenJie Yu , YuanBing Ouyang , Yenan Huang , Hui Li

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) enable exciting LLM-integrated applications, which perform text-based tasks by utilizing their advanced language understanding capabilities. However, as LLMs have improved, so have the attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Sizhe Chen , Julien Piet , Chawin Sitawarin , David Wagner

As the use of large language models (LLMs) continues to expand, ensuring their safety and robustness has become a critical challenge. In particular, jailbreak attacks that bypass built-in safety mechanisms are increasingly recognized as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Hajun Kim , Hyunsik Na , Daeseon Choi

With the rapid adoption of AI in the form of large language models (LLMs), the potential value of carefully engineered prompts has become significant. However, to realize this potential, prompts should be tradable on an open market. Since…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 M. A. van Wyk , M. Bekker , X. L. Richards , K. J. Nixon

With the integration of an additional modality, large vision-language models (LVLMs) exhibit greater vulnerability to safety risks (e.g., jailbreaking) compared to their language-only predecessors. Although recent studies have devoted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ziwei Zheng , Junyao Zhao , Le Yang , Lijun He , Fan Li

The inference process of modern large language models (LLMs) demands prohibitive computational resources, rendering them infeasible for deployment on consumer-grade devices. To address this limitation, recent studies propose distributed LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xinjian Luo , Ting Yu , Xiaokui Xiao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chongwen Zhao , Zhihao Dou , Kaizhu Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which typically rely on carefully designed prompts containing explicit semantic structure. These attacks generally operate by fixing an adversarial instruction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Marco Rando , Samuel Vaiter

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in performing tasks across various domains without needing explicit retraining. This capability, known as In-Context Learning (ICL), while impressive, exposes LLMs to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Bibek Upadhayay , Vahid Behzadan , Amin Karbasi

Generative large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks, yet they remain susceptible to backdoor attacks: carefully crafted triggers in the input can manipulate the model to produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yige Li , Hanxun Huang , Yunhan Zhao , Xingjun Ma , Jun Sun