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We study inference with a small labeled sample, a large unlabeled sample, and high-quality predictions from an external model. We link prediction-powered inference with empirical likelihood by stacking supervised estimating equations based…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Guanghui Wang , Mengtao Wen , Changliang Zou

While reliable data-driven decision-making hinges on high-quality labeled data, the acquisition of quality labels often involves laborious human annotations or slow and expensive scientific measurements. Machine learning is becoming an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-01 Tijana Zrnic , Emmanuel J. Candès

We study semisupervised mean estimation with a small labeled sample, a large unlabeled sample, and a black-box prediction model whose output may be miscalibrated. A standard approach in this setting is augmented inverse-probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Lars van der Laan , Mark Van Der Laan

We consider statistical inference under a semi-supervised setting where we have access to both a labeled dataset consisting of pairs $\{X_i, Y_i \}_{i=1}^n$ and an unlabeled dataset $\{ X_i \}_{i=n+1}^{n+N}$. We ask the question: under what…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-20 Zichun Xu , Daniela Witten , Ali Shojaie

In many scientific experiments, the data annotating cost constraints the pace for testing novel hypotheses. Yet, modern machine learning pipelines offer a promising solution, provided their predictions yield correct conclusions. We focus on…

Reasoning on large and complex real-world models is a computationally difficult task, yet one that is required for effective use of many AI applications. A plethora of inference algorithms have been developed that work well on specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-13 Avi Pfeffer , Brian Ruttenberg , William Kretschmer

Conformal prediction is a framework for predictive inference with a distribution-free, finite-sample guarantee. However, it tends to provide uninformative prediction sets when calibration data are scarce. This paper introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Meshi Bashari , Roy Maor Lotan , Yonghoon Lee , Edgar Dobriban , Yaniv Romano

Prediction-powered inference (PPI) is a rapidly growing framework for combining machine learning predictions with a small set of gold-standard labels to conduct valid statistical inference. In this article, I argue that the core estimators…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-20 Reagan Mozer

We study prediction-powered conditional inference in the setting where labeled data are scarce, unlabeled covariates are abundant, and a black-box machine-learning predictor is available. The goal is to perform statistical inference on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-09 Yang Sui , Jin Zhou , Hua Zhou , Xiaowu Dai

As artificial intelligence and machine learning tools become more accessible, and scientists face new obstacles to data collection (e.g., rising costs, declining survey response rates), researchers increasingly use predictions from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-08 Stephen Salerno , Kentaro Hoffman , Awan Afiaz , Anna Neufeld , Tyler H. McCormick , Jeffrey T. Leek

In many real-world applications, researchers aim to deploy models trained in a source domain to a target domain, where obtaining labeled data is often expensive, time-consuming, or even infeasible. While most existing literature assumes…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Seong-ho Lee , Yanyuan Ma , Jiwei Zhao

Performativity of predictions refers to the phenomenon where prediction-informed decisions influence the very targets they aim to predict -- a dynamic commonly observed in policy-making, social sciences, and economics. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-28 Xiang Li , Yunai Li , Huiying Zhong , Lihua Lei , Zhun Deng

Quality statistical inference requires a sufficient amount of data, which can be missing or hard to obtain. To this end, prediction-powered inference has risen as a promising methodology, but existing approaches are largely limited to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-27 Daniel Csillag , Claudio José Struchiner , Guilherme Tegoni Goedert

Citation prediction of scholarly papers is of great significance in guiding funding allocations, recruitment decisions, and rewards. However, little is known about how citation patterns evolve over time. By exploring the inherent involution…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Xiaomei Bai , Fuli Zhang , Ivan Lee

Unlabeled data are increasingly prevalent in contemporary economic studies, yet their effective use for improving prediction remains challenging because the outcomes are often costly or even infeasible to observe. Machine learning methods…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Fuzhi Xu , Xingyu Yan , Xinyu Zhang

Prediction-powered inference is a recent methodology for the safe use of black-box ML models to impute missing data, strengthening inference of statistical parameters. However, many applications require strong properties besides valid…

Constructing prediction sets with coverage guarantees for unobserved outcomes is a core problem in modern statistics. Methods for predictive inference have been developed for a wide range of settings, but usually only consider test data…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-11 Yonghoon Lee , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen , Edgar Dobriban

As algorithmic prediction systems have become widespread, fears that these systems may inadvertently discriminate against members of underrepresented populations have grown. With the goal of understanding fundamental principles that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Sumegha Garg , Michael P. Kim , Omer Reingold

Modern studies increasingly leverage outcomes predicted by machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI/ML) models, and recent work, such as prediction-powered inference (PPI), has developed valid downstream statistical inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-18 Yiqun T. Chen , Moran Guo , Shengy Li

Obtaining high-quality labels is costly, whereas unlabeled covariates are often abundant, motivating semi-supervised inference methods with reliable uncertainty quantification. Prediction-powered inference (PPI) leverages a machine-learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-29 Se Yoon Lee , Jae Kwang Kim