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A fundamental challenge in multiagent reinforcement learning is to learn beneficial behaviors in a shared environment with other simultaneously learning agents. In particular, each agent perceives the environment as effectively…

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has driven breakthroughs in domains such as math, tool-use, and software engineering, yet its extension to computer-use agents (CUAs) has been bottlenecked by the scarcity of scalable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bowen Wang , Dunjie Lu , Junli Wang , Tianyi Bai , Shixuan Liu , Zhipeng Zhang , Haiquan Wang , Hao Hu , Tianbao Xie , Shuai Bai , Dayiheng Liu , Que Shen , Junyang Lin , Tao Yu

Mixed cooperative-competitive control scenarios such as human-machine interaction with individual goals of the interacting partners are very challenging for reinforcement learning agents. In order to contribute towards intuitive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-03 Florian Köpf , Alexander Nitsch , Michael Flad , Sören Hohmann

Self-supervision has the potential to transform reinforcement learning (RL), paralleling the breakthroughs it has enabled in other areas of machine learning. While self-supervised learning in other domains aims to find patterns in a fixed…

As learning-based robotic controllers are typically trained offline and deployed with fixed parameters, their ability to cope with unforeseen changes during operation is limited. Biologically inspired, this work presents a framework for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Fabian Domberg , Georg Schildbach

Active inference is a mathematical framework for understanding how agents (biological or artificial) interact with their environments, enabling continual adaptation and decision-making. It combines Bayesian inference and free energy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Rithvik Prakki

When facing the problem of autonomously learning multiple tasks with reinforcement learning systems, researchers typically focus on solutions where just one parametrised policy per task is sufficient to solve them. However, in complex…

Understanding the behavior of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents -particularly as task and agent sophistication increase- requires more than simple comparison of reward curves, yet standard methods for behavioral analysis remain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Riley Simmons-Edler , Ryan P. Badman , Felix Baastad Berg , Raymond Chua , John J. Vastola , Joshua Lunger , William Qian , Kanaka Rajan

Continual learning (CL) -- the ability to continuously learn, building on previously acquired knowledge -- is a natural requirement for long-lived autonomous reinforcement learning (RL) agents. While building such agents, one needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Maciej Wołczyk , Michał Zając , Razvan Pascanu , Łukasz Kuciński , Piotr Miłoś

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has reached competitive performance on cooperative tasks against scripted adversaries, yet most methods train agents at a single fixed difficulty throughout the entire run. We term this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Weiqiang Jin , Yang Liu , Shixiang Tang , Jinhu Qi , Wentao Zhang , Junli Wang , Biao Zhao , Hongyang Du

Foundation models have shown impressive adaptation and scalability in supervised and self-supervised learning problems, but so far these successes have not fully translated to reinforcement learning (RL). In this work, we demonstrate that…

Learning to autonomously navigate the web is a difficult sequential decision making task. The state and action spaces are large and combinatorial in nature, and websites are dynamic environments consisting of several pages. One of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Izzeddin Gur , Natasha Jaques , Kevin Malta , Manoj Tiwari , Honglak Lee , Aleksandra Faust

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful tool for optimal control that has found great success in Atari games, the game of Go, robotic control, and building optimization. RL is also very brittle; agents often overfit to their training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Doseok Jang , Larry Yan , Lucas Spangher , Costas Spanos

Language agents have shown some ability to interact with an external environment, e.g., a virtual world such as ScienceWorld, to perform complex tasks, e.g., growing a plant, without the startup costs of reinforcement learning. However,…

In curriculum reinforcement learning (CRL), an agent incrementally accumulates knowledge over a sequence of tasks (i.e., a curriculum), and the learning process is aimed at using the accumulated knowledge to finally solve a challenging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yongyan Wen , Siyuan Li , Mingjian Fu , Yiqin Yang , Xun Wang , Peng Liu

Continual learning aims to improve the ability of modern learning systems to deal with non-stationary distributions, typically by attempting to learn a series of tasks sequentially. Prior art in the field has largely considered supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Dushyant Rao , Francesco Visin , Andrei A. Rusu , Yee Whye Teh , Razvan Pascanu , Raia Hadsell

We present a reinforcement learning (RL) framework in which the learned policy comes with a machine-checkable certificate of provable adversarial robustness. Our approach, called CAROL, learns a model of the environment. In each learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Chenxi Yang , Greg Anderson , Swarat Chaudhuri

Online question-and-answer (Q\&A) systems based on the Large Language Model (LLM) have progressively diverged from recreational to professional use. This paper proposed a Multi-Agent framework with environmentally reinforcement learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Jiapeng Yu , Yuqian Wu , Yajing Zhan , Wenhao Guo , Zhou Xu , Raymond Lee

Offline Reinforcement Learning (ORL) offers a robust solution to training agents in applications where interactions with the environment must be strictly limited due to cost, safety, or lack of accurate simulation environments. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Carlo Romeo , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Learning in multi-agent systems is highly challenging due to several factors including the non-stationarity introduced by agents' interactions and the combinatorial nature of their state and action spaces. In particular, we consider the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-10 Barna Pásztor , Ilija Bogunovic , Andreas Krause