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Pre-trained models of code built on the transformer architecture have performed well on software engineering (SE) tasks such as predictive code generation, code summarization, among others. However, whether the vector representations from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Anjan Karmakar , Romain Robbes

Software fault prediction model are employed to optimize testing resource allocation by identifying fault-prone classes before testing phases. Several researchers' have validated the use of different classification techniques to develop…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-04-17 Lov Kumar , Santanu Rath , Ashish Sureka

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) in software engineering (SE), with source code embeddings playing a crucial role in tasks such as source code clone detection and source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zixiang Xian , Chenhui Cui , Rubing Huang , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen

Neural program embeddings have shown much promise recently for a variety of program analysis tasks, including program synthesis, program repair, fault localization, etc. However, most existing program embeddings are based on syntactic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Ke Wang , Rishabh Singh , Zhendong Su

A recent trend in binary code analysis promotes the use of neural solutions based on instruction embedding models. An instruction embedding model is a neural network that transforms sequences of assembly instructions into embedding vectors.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Fiorella Artuso , Marco Mormando , Giuseppe A. Di Luna , Leonardo Querzoni

We present a neural model for representing snippets of code as continuous distributed vectors ("code embeddings"). The main idea is to represent a code snippet as a single fixed-length $\textit{code vector}$, which can be used to predict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Uri Alon , Meital Zilberstein , Omer Levy , Eran Yahav

Neural program embedding can be helpful in analyzing large software, a task that is challenging for traditional logic-based program analyses due to their limited scalability. A key focus of recent machine-learning advances in this area is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Ke Wang , Mihai Christodorescu

Explainability and effectiveness are two key aspects for building recommender systems. Prior efforts mostly focus on incorporating side information to achieve better recommendation performance. However, these methods have some weaknesses:…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Weizhi Ma , Min Zhang , Yue Cao , Woojeong , Jin , Chenyang Wang , Yiqun Liu , Shaoping Ma , Xiang Ren

Providing effective feedback for programming assignments in computer science education can be challenging: students solve problems by iteratively submitting code, executing it, and using limited feedback from the compiler or the auto-grader…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Hasnain Heickal , Andrew Lan

Vulnerability detection is garnering increasing attention in software engineering, since code vulnerabilities possibly pose significant security. Recently, reusing various code pre-trained models has become common for code embedding without…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Yu Zhao , Lina Gong , Zhiqiu Huang , Yongwei Wang , Mingqiang Wei , Fei Wu

Much of software-engineering research relies on the naturalness of code, the fact that code, in small code snippets, is repetitive and can be predicted using statistical language models like n-gram. Although powerful, training such models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Ahmed Khanfir , Matthieu Jimenez , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Program semantics learning is the core and fundamental for various code intelligent tasks e.g., vulnerability detection, clone detection. A considerable amount of existing works propose diverse approaches to learn the program semantics for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Jing Kai Siow , Shangqing Liu , Xiaofei Xie , Guozhu Meng , Yang Liu

Pre-trained models for programming language have achieved dramatic empirical improvements on a variety of code-related tasks such as code search, code completion, code summarization, etc. However, existing pre-trained models regard a code…

Coding is a fundamental skill required in the engineering discipline, and much work exists exploring better ways of teaching coding in the higher education context. In particular, Code Snippets (CSs) are approved to be an effective way of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Joshua Akingbade , Jianhua Yang , Mir Seyedebrahimi

Training recommender systems for next-item recommendation often requires unique embeddings to be learned for each item, which may take up most of the trainable parameters for a model. Shared embeddings, such as using content information,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-28 M. Jeffrey Mei , Florian Henkel , Samuel E. Sandberg , Oliver Bembom , Andreas F. Ehmann

Recent recommender systems increasingly leverage embeddings from large pre-trained language models (PLMs). However, such embeddings exhibit two key limitations: (1) PLMs are not explicitly optimized to produce structured and discriminative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Guy Hadad , Neomi Rabaev , Bracha Shapira

Code representation learning, which aims to encode the semantics of source code into distributed vectors, plays an important role in recent deep-learning-based models for code intelligence. Recently, many pre-trained language models for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Xin Wang , Yasheng Wang , Fei Mi , Pingyi Zhou , Yao Wan , Xiao Liu , Li Li , Hao Wu , Jin Liu , Xin Jiang

With the rise of machine learning, there is a great deal of interest in treating programs as data to be fed to learning algorithms. However, programs do not start off in a form that is immediately amenable to most off-the-shelf learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Jordan Henkel , Shuvendu K. Lahiri , Ben Liblit , Thomas Reps

Recently, fine-tuning pre-trained code models such as CodeBERT on downstream tasks has achieved great success in many software testing and analysis tasks. While effective and prevalent, fine-tuning the pre-trained parameters incurs a large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Ensheng Shi , Yanlin Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Lun Du , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang , Hongbin Sun

Competitive programming remains a very popular activity that combines both software engineering and education. In order to prepare and to practice, contestants use extensive archives of problems from past contents available on various…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Artyom Lobanov , Egor Bogomolov , Yaroslav Golubev , Mikhail Mirzayanov , Timofey Bryksin