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Current large language models (LLMs), even those explicitly trained for reasoning, often struggle with ambiguous content moderation cases due to misleading "decision shortcuts" embedded in context. Inspired by cognitive psychology insights…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Bingzhe Wu , Haotian Lu , Yuchen Mou

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show promise in video understanding. However, their reasoning often suffers from thinking drift and weak temporal comprehension, even when enhanced by Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Peiyao Wang , Haotian Xu , Noranart Vesdapunt , Rui Hou , Jingyi Zhang , Haibin Ling , Oleksandr Obiednikov , Ning Zhou , Kah Kuen Fu

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve complex reasoning tasks by generating intermediate reasoning steps. However, most existing approaches focus on hard token decoding, which constrains reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yige Xu , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Chunyan Miao

Graph combinatorial optimization (GCO) problems are central to domains like logistics and bioinformatics. While traditional solvers dominate, large language models (LLMs) offer new possibilities for structured reasoning, yet struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zixiao Huang , Lifeng Guo , Wenhao Li , Junjie Sheng , Chuyun Shen , Haosheng Chen , Bo Jin , Changhong Lu , Xiangfeng Wang

Large language models have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities in complex tasks through tool integration, which is typically framed as a Markov Decision Process and optimized with trajectory-level RL algorithms such as GRPO. However,…

This paper introduces Completion Pruning Policy Optimization (CPPO) to accelerate the training of reasoning models based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). GRPO, while effective, incurs high training costs due to the need to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zhihang Lin , Mingbao Lin , Yuan Xie , Rongrong Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved remarkable progress by leveraging Reinforcement Learning and extended Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, the challenge of performing efficient language reasoning--especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhong-Zhi Li , Xiao Liang , Zihao Tang , Lei Ji , Peijie Wang , Haotian Xu , Xing W , Haizhen Huang , Weiwei Deng , Yeyun Gong , Zhijiang Guo , Xiao Liu , Fei Yin , Cheng-Lin Liu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) perform strongly in complex reasoning tasks via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, but often suffer from verbose outputs, increasing computational overhead. Existing fine-tuning-based compression methods either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ziqing Qiao , Yongheng Deng , Jiali Zeng , Dong Wang , Lai Wei , Guanbo Wang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Ju Ren , Yaoxue Zhang

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift from superficial instruction following to rigorous long-horizon reasoning. While Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xuan Xie , Xuan Wang , Wenjie Wang , Shuai Chen , Wei Lin

Recent developments have enabled advanced reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) via long Chain-of-Thought (CoT), while long CoT suffers from high computational costs and significant latency losses owing to the autoregressive nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chengzhengxu Li , Xiaoming Liu , Zhaohan Zhang , Shaochu Zhang , Shengchao Liu , Guoxin Ma , Yu Lan , Chao Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in enhancing step-by-step reasoning through reinforcement learning. However, the Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) algorithm, which relies on sparse reward rules, often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Xingjian Zhang , Siwei Wen , Wenjun Wu , Lei Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often suffer from mode collapse, repeatedly generating the same few completions even when many valid answers exist, limiting their diversity across a wide range of tasks. We introduce Group-Aware Policy…

One way to enhance the reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) is to conduct Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) using Chain-of-Thought (CoT) annotations. This approach does not show sufficiently strong generalization ability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Trung Quoc Luong , Xinbo Zhang , Zhanming Jie , Peng Sun , Xiaoran Jin , Hang Li

Graph Chain-of-Thought (Graph-CoT) enables large language models (LLMs) to perform step-by-step reasoning over graph-structured knowledge, but existing pipelines suffer from low accuracy, excessive token usage, high latency, and low…

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and automated decision-making. However, these models still encounter difficulties when performing complex reasoning tasks involving logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yubo Dong , Hehe Fan

The Chain-of-Thought (CoT) paradigm, while enhancing the interpretability of Large Language Models (LLMs), is constrained by the inefficiencies and expressive limits of natural language. Latent Chain-of-Thought (latent CoT) reasoning, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaocheng Luo , Kang Wang , Zaifu Zhan , Yuechi Zhou , Xiangyu Duan

Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) has demonstrated significant potential in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning. However, its practical deployment is impeded by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yizhou Zhang , Ning Lv , Teng Wang , Jisheng Dang

Recently, foundation models such as OpenAI's O1 and O3, along with DeepSeek's R1, have demonstrated strong reasoning capacities and problem-solving skills acquired through large-scale reinforcement learning (RL), with wide applications in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Tianbing Xu

To facilitate efficient learning, policy gradient approaches to deep reinforcement learning (RL) are typically paired with variance reduction measures and strategies for making large but safe policy changes based on a batch of experiences.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Jared Markowitz , Edward W. Staley

Inference-time scaling enhances the reasoning ability of a language model (LM) by extending its chain-of-thought (CoT). However, existing approaches typically generate the entire reasoning chain in a single forward pass, which often leads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Siheng Xiong , Ali Payani , Faramarz Fekri