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Related papers: Decoupled Reasoning with Implicit Fact Tokens (DRI…

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Large Language Models (LLMs) encode vast amounts of parametric knowledge during pre-training. As world knowledge evolves, effective deployment increasingly depends on their ability to faithfully follow externally retrieved context. When…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Nikhil Anand , Shwetha Somasundaram , Anirudh Phukan , Apoorv Saxena , Koyel Mukherjee

Free-text crash narratives recorded in real-world crash databases have been shown to play a significant role in improving traffic safety. However, large-scale analyses remain difficult to implement as there are no documented tools that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xixi Wang , Jordanka Kovaceva , Miguel Costa , Shuai Wang , Francisco Camara Pereira , Robert Thomson

Large reasoning models improve accuracy by producing long reasoning traces, but this inflates latency and cost, motivating inference-time efficiency. We propose Retrieval-of-Thought (RoT), which reuses prior reasoning as composable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ammar Ahmed , Azal Ahmad Khan , Ayaan Ahmad , Sheng Di , Zirui Liu , Ali Anwar

Large semantic knowledge bases are grounded in factual knowledge. However, recent approaches to dense text representations (i.e. embeddings) do not efficiently exploit these resources. Dense and robust representations of documents are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Boshko Koloski , Senja Pollak , Roberto Navigli , Blaž Škrlj

In recent years, the input context sizes of large language models (LLMs) have increased dramatically. However, existing evaluation methods have not kept pace, failing to comprehensively assess the efficiency of models in handling long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Yuri Kuratov , Aydar Bulatov , Petr Anokhin , Ivan Rodkin , Dmitry Sorokin , Artyom Sorokin , Mikhail Burtsev

Evaluating the reasoning ability of language models (LMs) is complicated by their extensive parametric world knowledge, where benchmark performance often reflects factual recall rather than genuine reasoning. Existing datasets and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Ken Gu , Advait Bhat , Mike A Merrill , Robert West , Xin Liu , Daniel McDuff , Tim Althoff

Understanding the contents of multimodal documents is essential to accurately extract relevant evidence and use it for reasoning. Existing document understanding models tend to generate answers with a single word or phrase directly,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Jinxu Zhang

While reasoning-augmented large language models (RLLMs) significantly enhance complex task performance through extended reasoning chains, they inevitably introduce substantial unnecessary token consumption, particularly for simpler problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yang He , Xiao Ding , Bibo Cai , Yufei Zhang , Kai Xiong , Zhouhao Sun , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

To what extent can a neural network systematically reason over symbolic facts? Evidence suggests that large pre-trained language models (LMs) acquire some reasoning capacity, but this ability is difficult to control. Recently, it has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Alon Talmor , Oyvind Tafjord , Peter Clark , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

The effectiveness of LLM-based agents is often limited not by model capacity alone, but by how efficiently contextual information is utilized at runtime. Existing agent frameworks rely on rigid, syntax-heavy state representations such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tong Yang , Yemin Wang , Chaoning Zhang , Aming Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with long-horizon tasks due to the "context bottleneck" and the "lost-in-the-middle" phenomenon, where accumulated noise from verbose environments degrades reasoning over multi-turn interactions. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaozhe Li , Tianyi Lyu , Yizhao Yang , Liang Shan , Siyi Yang , Ligao Zhang , Zhuoyi Huang , Qingwen Liu , Yang Li

Neural network representations of simple models, such as linear regression, are being studied increasingly to better understand the underlying principles of deep learning algorithms. However, neural representations of distributional…

Recent large language models support inputs of up to 10 million tokens, yet they perform poorly on long-context tasks that require complex reasoning. Such tasks can be solved using only a subset of the input -- a proxy context -- rather…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Miao Li , Irina Saparina , Alexander Gurung , Mirella Lapata

Large language models (LLMs) can now solve complex problems through long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, but the trade-off between performance and token cost remains a central challenge. To address this issue, supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kohsei Matsutani , Gouki Minegishi , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance in surface-level text generation, their nature in handling complex multi-step reasoning tasks often remains one of ``statistical fitting'' rather than systematic logical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lianlei Shan , Han Chen , Yixuan Wang , Zhenjie Liu , Wei Li

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges when processing complex rule systems, as they typically treat interdependent rules as unstructured textual data rather than as logically organized frameworks. This limitation results…

Recent studies on transformer-based language models show that they can answer questions by reasoning over knowledge provided as part of the context (i.e., in-context reasoning). However, since the available knowledge is often not filtered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zeming Chen , Gail Weiss , Eric Mitchell , Asli Celikyilmaz , Antoine Bosselut

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful reasoning and generation capabilities but incur substantial run-time costs when operating in agentic workflows that chain together lengthy prompts and process rich data streams. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Joong Ho Choi , Jiayang Zhao , Jeel Shah , Ritvika Sonawane , Vedant Singh , Avani Appalla , Will Flanagan , Filipe Condessa

This paper investigates the role of dynamic external knowledge integration in improving counter-argument generation using Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs have shown promise in argumentative tasks, their tendency to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Anar Yeginbergen , Maite Oronoz , Rodrigo Agerri

The key challenge in semantic search is to create models that are both accurate and efficient in pinpointing relevant sentences for queries. While BERT-style bi-encoders excel in efficiency with pre-computed embeddings, they often miss…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Zihan Liao , Hang Yu , Jianguo Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang
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