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Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), especially in scenarios where supervised fine-tuning (SFT) falls short due to limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jian Xiong , Jingbo Zhou , Jingyong Ye , Qiang Huang , Dejing Dou

Multi-agent collaboration has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet it suffers from interaction-level ambiguity that blurs generation, critique, and revision, making credit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhongyi Li , Wan Tian , Jingyu Chen , Kangyao Huang , Huiming Zhang , Hui Yang , Tao Ren , Jinyang Jiang , Yijie Peng , Yikun Ban , Fuzhen Zhuang

Online Network Resource Allocation (ONRA) for service provisioning is a fundamental problem in communication networks. As a sequential decision-making under uncertainty problem, it is promising to approach ONRA via Reinforcement Learning…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Bahador Bakhshi , Josep Mangues-Bafalluy

Although in recent years reinforcement learning has become very popular the number of successful applications to different kinds of operations research problems is rather scarce. Reinforcement learning is based on the well-studied dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Manuel Schneckenreither

Robust reinforcement learning (Robust RL) seeks to handle epistemic uncertainty in environment dynamics, but existing approaches often rely on nested min--max optimization, which is computationally expensive and yields overly conservative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Chenliang Li , Junyu Leng , Jiaxiang Li , Youbang Sun , Shixiang Chen , Shahin Shahrampour , Alfredo Garcia

This paper describes a purely data-driven solution to a class of sequential decision-making problems with a large number of concurrent online decisions, with applications to computing systems and operations research. We assume that while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Hardik Meisheri , Vinita Baniwal , Nazneen N Sultana , Balaraman Ravindran , Harshad Khadilkar

A model among many may only be best under certain states of the world. Switching from a model to another can also be costly. Finding a procedure to dynamically choose a model in these circumstances requires to solve a complex estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Francesco Cordoni , Alessio Sancetta

Current reinforcement learning objectives for large-model reasoning primarily focus on maximizing expected rewards. This paradigm can lead to overfitting to dominant reward signals, while neglecting alternative yet valid reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Wendi Li , Sharon Li

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ziheng Li , Liu Kang , Feng Xiao , Luxi Xing , Qingyi Si , Zhuoran Li , Weikang Gong , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao , Hongcheng Guo

Biological brains are inherently limited in their capacity to process and store information, but are nevertheless capable of solving complex tasks with apparent ease. Intelligent behavior is related to these limitations, since resource…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-16 Nisheet Patel , Luigi Acerbi , Alexandre Pouget

Reinforcement learning has emerged as a paradigm for post-training large language models, boosting their reasoning capabilities. Such approaches compute an advantage value for each sample, reflecting better or worse performance than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Changpeng Yang , Jinyang Wu , Yuchen Liu , Shuai Zhang , Yang Li , Qiliang Liang , Hongzhen Wang , Shuai Nie , Jiaming Xu , Runyu Shi , Ying Huang , Guoquan Zhang

While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xin Guan , Zijian Li , Shen Huang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Jiuxin Cao

Critic-free reinforcement learning methods, particularly group policies, have attracted considerable attention for their efficiency in complex tasks. However, these methods rely heavily on multiple sampling and comparisons within the policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Wenfeng Feng , Penghong Zhao , Guochao Jiang , Chuzhan Hao , Yuewei Zhang , Guohua Liu , Hao Wang

The composition of pretraining data is a key determinant of foundation models' performance, but there is no standard guideline for allocating a limited computational budget across different data sources. Most current approaches either rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yiding Jiang , Allan Zhou , Zhili Feng , Sadhika Malladi , J. Zico Kolter

Despite significant progress, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still struggle with complex visual reasoning, where multi-step dependencies cause early errors to cascade through the reasoning chain. Existing post-training paradigms are limited:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yanbei Jiang , Chao Lei , Yihao Ding , Krista Ehinger , Jey Han Lau

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a widely used reinforcement learning algorithm that heavily relies on accurate advantage estimates for stable and efficient training. However, raw advantage signals can exhibit significant variance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Soham Sane

State-of-the-art model-based reinforcement learning methods train policies on imagined rollouts. These rollouts are trajectories generated by a learned dynamics model and are scored by a learned reward model, but without querying the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Nadav Timor , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Micah Goldblum , Yann LeCun , David Harel

Recent advances in reinforcement learning for foundation models, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), have significantly improved the performance of foundation models on reasoning tasks. Notably, the advantage function serves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Wenke Huang , Quan Zhang , Yiyang Fang , Jian Liang , Xuankun Rong , Huanjin Yao , Guancheng Wan , Ke Liang , Wenwen He , Mingjun Li , Leszek Rutkowski , Mang Ye , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Reinforcement learning improves the reasoning ability of large language models but remains costly and sample-inefficient, as many rollouts provide weak learning signals. Difficulty-aware data selection methods attempt to address this by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yang Zhou , Can Jin , Zihan Dong , Zhepeng Wang , Yanting Yang , Shiyu Zhao , Lei Li , Runxue Bao , Yaochen Xie , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Value-based deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms suffer from the estimation bias primarily caused by function approximation and temporal difference (TD) learning. This problem induces faulty state-action value estimates and therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Dogan C. Cicek , Enes Duran , Baturay Saglam , Kagan Kaya , Furkan B. Mutlu , Suleyman S. Kozat