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Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any testing sample. This task is particularly important for deep models when the test environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Shijian Zheng , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong

Deep learning models have demonstrated exceptional performance across a wide range of computer vision tasks. However, their performance often degrades significantly when faced with distribution shifts, such as domain or dataset changes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Samuel Barbeau , Pedram Fekri , David Osowiechi , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Masih Aminbeidokhti , Christian Desrosiers

Machine learning models for text classification often excel on in-distribution (ID) data but struggle with unseen out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. Most techniques for improving OOD robustness are not applicable to settings where the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Kyle O'Brien , Nathan Ng , Isha Puri , Jorge Mendez , Hamid Palangi , Yoon Kim , Marzyeh Ghassemi , Thomas Hartvigsen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning capabilities, but their performance often degrades under distribution shift. Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) methods rely on gradient-based updates that require white-box access…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Kaiwen Zheng , Kai Zhou , Jinwu Hu , Te Gu , Mingkai Peng , Fei Liu

The main challenge in domain generalization (DG) is to handle the distribution shift problem that lies between the training and test data. Recent studies suggest that test-time training (TTT), which adapts the learned model with test data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Liang Chen , Yong Zhang , Yibing Song , Ying Shan , Lingqiao Liu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to transfer knowledge from a source model to unknown test data with potential distribution shifts in an online manner. Many existing TTA methods rely on entropy as a confidence metric to optimize the model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chang'an Yi , Xiaohui Deng , Shuaicheng Niu , Yan Zhou

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition by comparing image embeddings to text-derived class prototypes. However, under domain shift, they suffer from feature drift, class-prior mismatch, and severe…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Byunghyun Kim

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a trained classifier using online unlabeled test data only, without any information related to the training procedure. Most existing TTA methods adapt the trained classifier using the classifier's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Minguk Jang , Sae-Young Chung , Hye Won Chung

Learning to adapt pretrained language models to unlabeled, out-of-distribution data is a critical challenge, as models often falter on structurally novel reasoning tasks even while excelling within their training distribution. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Hossam Amer , Sudhir Mudur , Weiwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Walid Ahmed

The conventional modus operandi for adapting pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) during test-time involves tuning learnable prompts, ie, test-time prompt tuning. This paper introduces Test-Time Low-rank adaptation (TTL) as an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Raza Imam , Hanan Gani , Muhammad Huzaifa , Karthik Nandakumar

Column Type Annotation (CTA) is a fundamental step towards enabling schema alignment and semantic understanding of tabular data. Existing encoder-only language models achieve high accuracy when fine-tuned on labeled columns, but their…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Hanze Meng , Jianhao Cao , Rachel Pottinger

In this work, we propose a novel complementary learning approach to enhance test-time adaptation (TTA), which has been proven to exhibit good performance on testing data with distribution shifts such as corruptions. In test-time adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Jiayi Han , Longbin Zeng , Liang Du , Weiyang Ding , Jianfeng Feng

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has increasingly been an important topic to efficiently tackle the cross-domain distribution shift at test time for medical images from different institutions. Previous TTA methods have a common limitation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hongzheng Yang , Cheng Chen , Meirui Jiang , Quande Liu , Jianfeng Cao , Pheng Ann Heng , Qi Dou

Deep classifiers may encounter significant performance degradation when processing unseen testing data from varying centers, vendors, and protocols. Ensuring the robustness of deep models against these domain shifts is crucial for their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Yuhao Huang , Xin Yang , Xiaoqiong Huang , Xinrui Zhou , Haozhe Chi , Haoran Dou , Xindi Hu , Jian Wang , Xuedong Deng , Dong Ni

Test time adaptation (TTA) equips deep learning models to handle unseen test data that deviates from the training distribution, even when source data is inaccessible. While traditional TTA methods often rely on entropy as a confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Afshar Shamsi , Rejisa Becirovic , Ahmadreza Argha , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Arash Mohammadi

Remote physiological measurement (RPM) has emerged as a promising non-invasive method for monitoring physiological signals using the non-contact device. Although various domain adaptation and generalization methods were proposed to promote…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xiao Yang , Jiyao Wang , Yuxuan Fan , Can Liu , Houcheng Su , Weichen Guo , Zitong Yu , Dengbo He , Kaishun Wu

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Test-time adaptation (TTA) may fail to improve or even harm the model performance when test data have: 1) mixed distribution shifts, 2) small batch sizes, 3) online imbalanced label distribution shifts. This is often a key obstacle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Shuaicheng Niu , Guohao Chen , Deyu Chen , Yifan Zhang , Jiaxiang Wu , Zhiquan Wen , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Chunyan Miao , Mingkui Tan