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Combining discrete and continuous data is an important capability for generative models. We present Discrete Flow Models (DFMs), a new flow-based model of discrete data that provides the missing link in enabling flow-based generative models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-07 Andrew Campbell , Jason Yim , Regina Barzilay , Tom Rainforth , Tommi Jaakkola

To sample from a given target distribution, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling relies on constructing an ergodic Markov chain with the target distribution as its invariant measure. For any MCMC method, an important question is how to…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-08-15 Federica Milinanni , Pierre Nyquist

Modelling random dynamical systems in continuous time, diffusion processes are a powerful tool in many areas of science. Model parameters can be estimated from time-discretely observed processes using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods…

Computation · Statistics 2020-10-12 Susanne Pieschner , Christiane Fuchs

The inadequate mixing of conventional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods for multi-modal distributions presents a significant challenge in practical applications such as Bayesian inference and molecular dynamics. Addressing this, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-30 Wenlin Chen , Mingtian Zhang , Brooks Paige , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , David Barber

Despite Flow Matching and diffusion models having emerged as powerful generative paradigms for continuous variables such as images and videos, their application to high-dimensional discrete data, such as language, is still limited. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Itai Gat , Tal Remez , Neta Shaul , Felix Kreuk , Ricky T. Q. Chen , Gabriel Synnaeve , Yossi Adi , Yaron Lipman

We introduce a general Monte Carlo method based on Nested Sampling (NS), for sampling complex probability distributions and estimating the normalising constant. The method uses one or more particles, which explore a mixture of nested…

Computation · Statistics 2012-02-27 Brendon J. Brewer , Livia B. Pártay , Gábor Csányi

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) provides a feasible method for inferring Hidden Markov models, however, it is often computationally prohibitive, especially constrained by the curse of dimensionality, as the Monte Carlo sampler traverses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Xiongming Dai , Gerald Baumgartner

Flow and diffusion models produce high-quality samples, but adapting them to user preferences or constraints post-training remains costly and brittle, a challenge commonly called reward alignment. We argue that efficient reward alignment…

Cyclical MCMC is a novel MCMC framework recently proposed by Zhang et al. (2019) to address the challenge posed by high-dimensional multimodal posterior distributions like those arising in deep learning. The algorithm works by generating a…

Computation · Statistics 2024-03-04 Liwei Wang , Xinru Liu , Aaron Smith , Yves Atchade

Propagation of charged cosmic-rays in the Galaxy depends on the transport parameters, whose number can be large depending on the propagation model under scrutiny. A standard approach for determining these parameters is a manual scan,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-05-13 A. Putze , L. Derome , D. Maurin , L. Perotto , R. Taillet

We propose a novel method for simulating conditioned diffusion processes (diffusion bridges) in Euclidean spaces. By training a neural network to approximate bridge dynamics, our approach eliminates the need for computationally intensive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-23 Gefan Yang , Frank van der Meulen , Stefan Sommer

Discrete diffusion models are a class of generative models that construct sequences by progressively denoising samples from a categorical noise distribution. Beyond their rapidly growing ability to generate coherent natural language, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Michael Cardei , Jacob K Christopher , Thomas Hartvigsen , Bhavya Kailkhura , Ferdinando Fioretto

The design space of discrete-space diffusion or flow generative models are significantly less well-understood than their continuous-space counterparts, with many works focusing only on a simple masked construction. In this work, we aim to…

Multi-modal hashing methods have gained popularity due to their fast speed and low storage requirements. Among them, the supervised methods demonstrate better performance by utilizing labels as supervisory signals compared with unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Jin-Yu Liu , Xian-Ling Mao , Tian-Yi Che , Rong-Cheng Tu

Score-based modeling through stochastic differential equations (SDEs) has provided a new perspective on diffusion models, and demonstrated superior performance on continuous data. However, the gradient of the log-likelihood function, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Haoran Sun , Lijun Yu , Bo Dai , Dale Schuurmans , Hanjun Dai

Discrete diffusion models form a powerful class of generative models across diverse domains, including text and graphs. However, existing approaches face fundamental limitations. Masked diffusion models suffer from irreversible errors due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Marcel Kollovieh , Sirine Ayadi , Stephan Günnemann

Current advances in next generation sequencing techniques have allowed researchers to conduct comprehensive research on microbiome and human diseases, with recent studies identifying associations between human microbiome and health outcomes…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-09 Konstantin Shestopaloff , Mei Dong , Fan Gao , Wei Xu

While diffusion-based image restoration (IR) methods have achieved remarkable success, they are still limited by the low inference speed attributed to the necessity of executing hundreds or even thousands of sampling steps. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Zongsheng Yue , Jianyi Wang , Chen Change Loy

Inference-time control of diffusion models aims to steer model outputs to satisfy new constraints without retraining. Previous approaches have mostly relied on heuristic guidance or have been coupled with Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) for…

Reinforcement learning with stochastic optimal control offers a promising framework for diffusion fine-tuning, where a pre-trained diffusion model is optimized to generate paths that lead to a reward-tilted distribution. While these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sophia Tang , Yuchen Zhu , Molei Tao , Pranam Chatterjee