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The scaling of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized their capabilities in various tasks, yet this growth must be matched with efficient computational strategies. The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture stands out for its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Zihan Qiu , Zeyu Huang , Shuang Cheng , Yizhi Zhou , Zili Wang , Ivan Titov , Jie Fu

The recent success of specialized Large Language Models (LLMs) in domains such as mathematical reasoning and coding has led to growing interest in methods for merging these expert LLMs into a unified Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model, with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuhang Zhou , Giannis Karamanolakis , Victor Soto , Anna Rumshisky , Mayank Kulkarni , Furong Huang , Wei Ai , Jianhua Lu

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity by routing each token to a small subset of experts. However, their routers exhibit a fundamental trade-off: strong load balancing can suppress expert specialization, while aggressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gleb Molodtsov , Alexander Miasnikov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) with sparsely activated experts during inference. To effectively deploy large MoE models on memory-constrained devices, many systems introduce *expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingcong Liang , Siyuan Wang , Miren Tian , Yitong Li , Duyu Tang , Zhongyu Wei

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enhances model performance while maintaining computational efficiency, making it well-suited for large-scale applications. Conventional mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures suffer from suboptimal coordination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yujiao Yang , Jing Lian , Linhui Li

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered unprecedented advancements across diverse fields, ranging from natural language processing to computer vision and beyond. The prowess of LLMs is underpinned by their substantial model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Jing Tang , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity via sparse activation but stress memory and bandwidth. Offloading alleviates GPU memory by fetching experts on demand, yet token-level routing causes irregular transfers that make inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Zehao Fan , Garrett Gagnon , Yayue Hou , Nan Wu , Yangwook Kang , Liu Liu

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have enabled the scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) by achieving massive parameter counts while maintaining computational efficiency. However, MoEs introduce several…

Mixture of experts has emerged as the primary mechanism for making Large Language Models (LLMs) computationally efficient. However, in distributed settings, communicating token embeddings between experts is a significant bottleneck. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Muhammad Shahir Abdurrahman , Chun Deng , Azalia Mirhoseini , Philip Levis

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently scale-up the model while keeping relatively low inference cost. As MoE models only activate part of the experts, related work has proposed expert prediction and caching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shien Zhu , Samuel Bohl , Robin Oester , Gustavo Alonso

MoE-PEFT methods combine Mixture of Experts with parameter-efficient fine-tuning for multi-task adaptation, but require separate adapters per expert causing trainable parameters to scale linearly with expert count and limiting applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Md Kowsher , Haris Mansoor , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Ozlem Garibay , Victor Zhu , Zhengping Ji , Chen Chen

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

Recently, Mixture of Experts (MoE) based Transformer has shown promising results in many domains. This is largely due to the following advantages of this architecture: firstly, MoE based Transformer can increase model capacity without…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Zhao You , Shulin Feng , Dan Su , Dong Yu

Mixture of experts (MoE) architectures have become a cornerstone for scaling up and are a key component in most large language models such as GPT-OSS, DeepSeek-V3, Llama-4, and Gemini-2.5. However, systematic research on MoE remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Nam V. Nguyen , Thong T. Doan , Luong Tran , Van Nguyen , Quang Pham

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a dominant paradigm for scaling large language models, but their rapidly growing parameter sizes introduce a fundamental inefficiency during inference: most expert weights remain idle in GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qingxiu Liu , Cyril Y. He , Hanser Jiang , Zion Wang , Alan Zhao , Patrick P. C. Lee

The interpretability of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, especially those with heterogeneous designs, remains underexplored. Existing attribution methods for dense models fail to capture dynamic routing-expert interactions in sparse MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Junzhuo Li , Bo Wang , Xiuze Zhou , Peijie Jiang , Jia Liu , Xuming Hu

Scaling the size of a model enhances its capabilities but significantly increases computation complexity. Mixture-of-Experts models (MoE) address the issue by allowing model size to scale up without substantially increasing training or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Zhenpeng Su , Zijia Lin , Xue Bai , Xing Wu , Yizhe Xiong , Haoran Lian , Guangyuan Ma , Hui Chen , Guiguang Ding , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

Federated fine-tuning offers a promising solution for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream tasks while safeguarding data privacy. However, its high computational and communication demands hinder its deployment on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yebo Wu , Jingguang Li , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has been gaining popularity due to its successful adaptation to large language models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce Privacy-preserving Collaborative Mixture-of-Experts (PC-MoE), which leverages the sparsity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ze Yu Zhang , Bolin Ding , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures leverage sparse activation to enhance the scalability of large language models (LLMs), making them suitable for deployment in resource-constrained edge networks. However, the sheer number of experts…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang
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