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Quantum LDPC codes promise significant reductions in physical qubit overhead compared with topological codes. However, many existing constructions for performing logical operations come with distance-dependent temporal overheads. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Nouédyn Baspin , Lucas Berent , Lawrence Z. Cohen

The surface code is a quantum error-correcting code for one logical qubit, protected by spatially localized parity checks in two dimensions. Due to fundamental constraints from spatial locality, storing more logical qubits requires either…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Yifan Hong , Matteo Marinelli , Adam M. Kaufman , Andrew Lucas

The typical time-independent view of quantum error correction (QEC) codes hides significant freedom in the decomposition into circuits that are executable on hardware. Using the concept of detecting regions, we design time-dynamic QEC…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Matt McEwen , Dave Bacon , Craig Gidney

Practical quantum computers will require resource-efficient error-correcting codes. The rotated surface code uses approximately half the number of qubits as the unrotated surface code to create a logical qubit with the same error-correcting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-14 Anthony Ryan O'Rourke , Simon Devitt

Biased-noise qubits, in which one type of error (e.g. $X$- and $Y$-type errors) is significantly suppressed relative to the other (e.g. $Z$-type errors), can significantly reduce the overhead of quantum error correction. Codes such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Peter Shanahan , Diego Ruiz

To make practical quantum algorithms work, large-scale quantum processors protected by error-correcting codes are required to resist noise and ensure reliable computational outcomes. However, a major challenge arises from defects in…

Routed geometry is a device-level choice in a fixed syndrome-extraction circuit. Two embeddings of the same code can set different physical separations between gate blocks active in the same time step, and these separations control the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Angelo Di Bella

We present a fast and effective framework for analysing and designing syndrome-extraction circuits (SECs). Our approach is based on left-right circuits, a general design for SECs which maintain low depth by staggering $X$ and $Z$ checks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Armands Strikis , Dan E. Browne , Michael E. Beverland

The construction of topological error correction codes requires the ability to fabricate a lattice of physical qubits embedded on a manifold with a non-trivial topology such that the quantum information is encoded in the global degrees of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-18 James M. Auger , Hussain Anwar , Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia , Thomas M. Stace , Dan E. Browne

Running quantum algorithms protected by quantum error correction requires a real time, classical decoder. To prevent the accumulation of a backlog, this decoder must process syndromes from the quantum device at a faster rate than they are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Sophia Fuhui Lin , Eric C. Peterson , Krishanu Sankar , Prasahnt Sivarajah

Quantum error-correcting codes with asymptotically lower overheads than the surface code require nonlocal connectivity. Leveraging multilayer routing and long-range coupling capabilities in superconducting qubit hardware, we develop…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing, yet repeated syndrome-measurement cycles dominate its spacetime and hardware cost. Although stabilizers commute and admit many valid execution orders, different…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yuhao Liu , Shuohao Ping , Junyu Zhou , Ethan Decker , Justin Kalloor , Mathias Weiden , Kean Chen , Yunong Shi , Ali Javadi-Abhari , Costin Iancu , Gushu Li

Recent work has shown that a hexagonal grid qubit layout, with only three couplers per qubit, is sufficient to implement the surface code with performance comparable to that of a traditional four-coupler layout [McEwen et al., 2023]. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Oscar Higgott , Benjamin Anker , Matt McEwen , Dripto M. Debroy

Device error rates on current quantum computers have improved enough to where demonstrations of error correction below break-even are now possible. Still, the circuits required for quantum error correction introduce significant overhead and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Noah Berthusen , Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Eric Huang , Daniel Gottesman

Lattice surgery is a measurement-based technique for performing fault-tolerant quantum computation in two dimensions. When using the surface code, the most general lattice surgery operations require lattice irregularities called twist…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-04 Christopher Chamberland , Earl T. Campbell

The surface code is one of the most successful approaches to topological quantum error-correction. It boasts the smallest known syndrome extraction circuits and correspondingly largest thresholds. Defect-based logical encodings of a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac H. Kim

Bosonic codes with rotational symmetry are currently one of the best performing quantum error correcting codes. Little is known about error propagation and code distance for these rotation codes in contrast with qubit codes and Bosonic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-02 Benjamin Marinoff , Miles Bush , Joshua Combes

We demonstrate how to use lattice surgery to enact a universal set of fault-tolerant quantum operations with color codes. Along the way, we also improve existing surface-code lattice-surgery methods. Lattice-surgery methods use fewer qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-22 Andrew J. Landahl , Ciaran Ryan-Anderson

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

Surface codes are a popular choice for implementing fault-tolerant quantum computing. Two-qubit gates may be realised in these codes using only nearest-neighbour interactions, either by lattice surgery or by braiding defects around each…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Mateusz Kupper , Dominic Horsman , Chris Heunen , Niel de Beaudrap