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Phishing is one of the most prevalent social engineering attacks that targets both organizations and individuals. It is crucial to understand how email presentation impacts users' reactions to phishing attacks. We speculated that the device…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Lucas Betts , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Yun Sing Koh , Danielle Lottridge , Giovanni Russello

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL), introduced in a connectivity-first era to define access and locate resources, remains historically limited, lacking future-proof mechanisms for security, trust, or resilience against fraud and abuse,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari

Security analysts need to classify, search and correlate numerous images. Automatic classification tools improve the efficiency of such tasks. However, the main resources to develop these tools are datasets, which are introduced and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Vincent Falconieri

Phishing attacks have evolved and increased over time and, for this reason, the task of distinguishing between a legitimate site and a phishing site is more and more difficult, fooling even the most expert users. The main proposals focused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 F. Castaño , E. Fidalgo , E. Alegre , D. Chaves , M. Sanchez-Paniagua

In this paper, we introduce PhishLang, the first fully client-side anti-phishing framework built on a lightweight ensemble framework that utilizes advanced language models to analyze the contextual features of a website's source code and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sayak Saha Roy , Shirin Nilizadeh

Misclassifications in spam and phishing detection are very harmful, as false negatives expose users to attacks while false positives degrade trust. Existing uncertainty-based detectors can flag potential errors, but possibly be deceived and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Qi Zhang , Dian Chen , Lance M. Kaplan , Audun Jøsang , Dong Hyun Jeong , Feng Chen , Jin-Hee Cho

In this paper, we propose a feature-free method for detecting phishing websites using the Normalized Compression Distance (NCD), a parameter-free similarity measure which computes the similarity of two websites by compressing them, thus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Rizka Purwanto , Arindam Pal , Alan Blair , Sanjay Jha

Modern organizations are persistently targeted by phishing emails. Despite advances in detection systems and widespread employee training, attackers continue to innovate, posing ongoing threats. Two emerging vectors stand out in the current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marie Weinz , Nicola Zannone , Luca Allodi , Giovanni Apruzzese

Phishing, whether through email, SMS, or malicious websites, poses a major threat to organizations by using social engineering to trick users into revealing sensitive information. It not only compromises company's data security but also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Sakshi Mahendru , Tejul Pandit

Modern phishing campaigns increasingly evade snapshot-based URL classifiers using interaction gates (e.g., checkbox/slider challenges), delayed content rendering, and logo-less credential harvesters. This shifts URL triage from static…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Haolin Zhang , William Reber , Yuxuan Zhang , Guofei Gu , Jeff Huang

Sophisticated phishing attacks have emerged as a major cybersecurity threat, becoming more common and difficult to prevent. Though machine learning techniques have shown promise in detecting phishing attacks, they function mainly as "black…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Bryan Lim , Roman Huerta , Alejandro Sotelo , Anthonie Quintela , Priyanka Kumar

In this paper, we introduce a metadata-enriched generation framework (PhishFuzzer) that seeds real emails into Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce 23,100 diverse, structurally consistent email variants across controlled entity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Rebeka Toth , Tamas Bisztray , Nils Gruschka

Internet technology is so pervasive today, for example, from online social networking to online banking, it has made people's lives more comfortable. Due the growth of Internet technology, security threats to systems and networks are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-30 B. B. Gupta , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Konstantinos E. Psannis

Cyber attacks continue to pose significant threats to individuals and organizations, stealing sensitive data such as personally identifiable information, financial information, and login credentials. Hence, detecting malicious websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Saroj Gopali , Akbar S. Namin , Faranak Abri , Keith S. Jones

The Internet has become an indispensable part of our life, However, It also has provided opportunities to anonymously perform malicious activities like Phishing. Phishers try to deceive their victims by social engineering or creating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Vahid Shahrivari , Mohammad Mahdi Darabi , Mohammad Izadi

This work introduces Cyri, an AI-powered conversational assistant designed to support a human user in detecting and analyzing phishing emails by leveraging Large Language Models. Cyri has been designed to scrutinize emails for semantic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Antonio La Torre , Marco Angelini

This paper reports on the comparison of the subject and object of verbs in their usage between phishing emails and legitimate emails. The purpose of this research is to explore whether the syntactic structures and subjects and objects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Gilchan Park , Julia M. Taylor

Phishing remains a pervasive and growing threat, inflicting heavy economic and reputational damage. While machine learning has been effective in real-time detection of phishing attacks, progress is hindered by lack of large, high-quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Thomas Dalton , Hemanth Gowda , Girish Rao , Sachin Pargi , Alireza Hadj Khodabakhshi , Joseph Rombs , Stephan Jou , Manish Marwah

Recently, we can observe a significant increase of the phishing attacks in the Internet. In a typical phishing attack, the attacker sets up a malicious website that looks similar to the legitimate website in order to obtain the end-users'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zijiang Yang

Phishing attacks attempt to deceive users into stealing sensitive information, posing a significant cybersecurity threat. Advances in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have led to the development of numerous phishing webpage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Aditya Kulkarni , Vivek Balachandran , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Tamal Das