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In this paper we provide optimal bounds for fully discrete approximations to finite horizon problems via dynamic programming. We adapt the error analysis in \cite{nos} for the infinite horizon case to the finite horizon case. We prove an a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-19 Javier de Frutos , Julia Novo

We introduce an abstract neural flow framework for neural networks and neural operators. The framework contains two continuous-depth models, namely neural flows with composition and separation structures, and covers both finite-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Shuang Chen , Juncai He , Xue-Cheng Tai

Nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are powerful tools for modeling real-world dynamical systems. However, propagating initial state uncertainty through nonlinear dynamics, especially when the ODE is unknown and learned from…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Peter Amorese , Morteza Lahijanian

While it is widely known that neural networks are universal approximators of continuous functions, a less known and perhaps more powerful result is that a neural network with a single hidden layer can approximate accurately any nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Lu Lu , Pengzhan Jin , George Em Karniadakis

In this paper, a universal approximation theorem (UAT) for shallow neural networks whose inputs belong to a topological vector space (TVS) and whose outputs take values in a Hausdorff locally convex TVS is established. The networks are…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Sachin Saini

Neural ordinary differential equations (neural ODEs) are a popular type of deep learning model that operate with continuous-depth architectures. To assess how well such models perform on unseen data, it is crucial to understand their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Madhusudan Verma , Manoj Kumar

The classical universal approximation (UA) theorem for neural networks establishes mild conditions under which a feedforward neural network can approximate a continuous function $f$ with arbitrary accuracy. A recent result shows that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Geonho Hwang , Wonyeol Lee , Yeachan Park , Sejun Park , Feras Saad

First order optimization algorithms play a major role in large scale machine learning. A new class of methods, called adaptive algorithms, were recently introduced to adjust iteratively the learning rate for each coordinate. Despite great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 André Belotto da Silva , Maxime Gazeau

Fourier neural operators (FNOs) have recently been proposed as an effective framework for learning operators that map between infinite-dimensional spaces. We prove that FNOs are universal, in the sense that they can approximate any…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-21 Nikola Kovachki , Samuel Lanthaler , Siddhartha Mishra

Continuous deep learning models, referred to as Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs), have received considerable attention over the last several years. Despite their burgeoning impact, there is a lack of formal analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Diego Manzanas Lopez , Patrick Musau , Nathaniel Hamilton , Taylor T. Johnson

This work establishes the first rigorous stability guarantees for approximate predictors in delay-adaptive control of nonlinear systems, addressing a key challenge in practical implementations where exact predictors are unavailable. We…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Luke Bhan , Miroslav Krstic , Yuanyuan Shi

We propose a new class of universal amplitude ratios which involve the first terms of the short distance expansion of the correlators of a statistical model in the vicinity of a critical point. We will describe the critical system with a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-12-10 M. Caselle , P. Grinza , R. Guida , N. Magnoli

Modifications to a neural network's input and output layers are often required to accommodate the specificities of most practical learning tasks. However, the impact of such changes on architecture's approximation capabilities is largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Eugene Bilokopytov

The approximation capabilities of Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) are commonly justified by general Universal Approximation Theorems (UATs) that do not leverage the intrinsic structural properties of the optimal Q-function, the solution to a Bellman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Qian Qi

Leveraging the infinite dimensional neural network architecture we proposed in arXiv:2109.13512v4 and which can process inputs from Fr\'echet spaces, and using the universal approximation property shown therein, we now largely extend the…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-14 Luca Galimberti

This paper discusses various theorems on the approximation capabilities of neural networks (NNs), which are known as universal approximation theorems (UATs). The paper gives a systematic overview of UATs starting from the preliminary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Midhun T Augustine

This paper studies the universal approximation property of deep neural networks for representing probability distributions. Given a target distribution $\pi$ and a source distribution $p_z$ both defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$, we prove under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Yulong Lu , Jianfeng Lu

Discrete-time stochastic systems are an essential modelling tool for many engineering systems. We consider stochastic control systems that are evolving over continuous spaces. For this class of models, methods for the formal verification…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Sofie Haesaert , Sadegh Soudjani

Group symmetry is inherent in a wide variety of data distributions. Data processing that preserves symmetry is described as an equivariant map and often effective in achieving high performance. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-29 Wataru Kumagai , Akiyoshi Sannai

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs), via their induced flow maps, provide a powerful framework to parameterize invertible transformations for the purpose of representing complex probability distributions. While such models have achieved…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Youssef Marzouk , Zhi Ren , Sven Wang , Jakob Zech