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It is well known that conditional independence can be used to factorize a joint probability into a multiplication of conditional probabilities. This paper proposes a constructive definition of inter-causal independence, which can be used to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Nevin Lianwen Zhang , David L Poole

In this paper we provide a theoretical analysis of counterfactual invariance. We present a variety of existing definitions, study how they relate to each other and what their graphical implications are. We then turn to the current major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Jake Fawkes , Robin J. Evans

Recently, Forr\'e (arXiv:2104.11547, 2021) introduced transitional conditional independence, a notion of conditional independence that provides a unified framework for both random and non-stochastic variables. The original paper establishes…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Leihao Chen

Tests of conditional independence (CI) underpin a number of important problems in machine learning and statistics, from causal discovery to evaluation of predictor fairness and out-of-distribution robustness. Shah and Peters (2020) showed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-17 Zheng He , Roman Pogodin , Yazhe Li , Namrata Deka , Arthur Gretton , Danica J. Sutherland

The definition of the conditional probability is very important in the theory of the probability. This definition is based on the fact, that random events can be simultaneously measurable. This paper deal with the problem of conditioning…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Olga Nanasiova

Conditional independence in a multivariate normal (or Gaussian) distribution is characterized by the vanishing of subdeterminants of the distribution's covariance matrix. Gaussian conditional independence models thus correspond to algebraic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-10-29 Mathias Drton , Han Xiao

A central goal of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) is to separate modelling from inference. However, this goal is hard to achieve in practice. Users are often forced to re-write their models in order to improve efficiency of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Maria I. Gorinova , Andrew D. Gordon , Charles Sutton , Matthijs Vákár

Constraint-based causal discovery algorithms utilize many statistical tests for conditional independence to uncover networks of causal dependencies. These approaches to causal discovery rely on an assumed correspondence between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Bijan Mazaheri , Jiaqi Zhang , Caroline Uhler

The standard method to check for the independence of two real-valued random variables -- demonstrating that the bivariate joint distribution factors into the product of its marginals -- is both necessary and sufficient. Here we present a…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-11-30 David Draper , Erdong Guo , Robert Lund , Jon Woody

In this paper we study different concepts of independence for convex sets of probabilities. There will be two basic ideas for independence. The first is irrelevance. Two variables are independent when a change on the knowledge about one…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Luis M. de Campos , Serafin Moral

Suppose we are given the conditional probability of one variable given some other variables.Normally the full joint distribution over the conditioning variablesis required to determine the probability of the conditioned variable.Under what…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Avi Pfeffer

We show that the conditional independence (CI) implication problem with bounded cardinalities, which asks whether a given CI implication holds for all discrete random variables with given cardinalities, is co-NEXPTIME-hard. The problem…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Michał Makowski

A lattice-theoretic framework is introduced that permits the study of the conditional independence (CI) implication problem relative to the class of discrete probability measures. Semi-lattices are associated with CI statements and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-08-12 Mathias Niepert , Dirk Van Gucht , Marc Gyssens

A lattice-theoretic framework is introduced that permits the study of the conditional independence (CI) implication problem relative to the class of discrete probability measures. Semi-lattices are associated with CI statements and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2008-11-03 Mathias Niepert , Dirk Van Gucht , Marc Gyssens

We introduce a new interpretation of two related notions - conditional utility and utility independence. Unlike the traditional interpretation, the new interpretation renders the notions the direct analogues of their probabilistic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-02-08 Yoav Shoham

We consider the problem of conditional independence testing of $X$ and $Y$ given $Z$ where $X,Y$ and $Z$ are three real random variables and $Z$ is continuous. We focus on two main cases - when $X$ and $Y$ are both discrete, and when $X$…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-05 Matey Neykov , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Larry Wasserman

Starting from elementary considerations about independence and Markov processes in classical probability we arrive at the new concept of conditional monotone independence (or operator-valued monotone independence). With the help of product…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Michael Skeide

This work investigates the intersection property of conditional independence. It states that for random variables $A,B,C$ and $X$ we have that $X$ independent of $A$ given $B,C$ and $X$ independent of $B$ given $A,C$ implies $X$ independent…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-08-18 Jonas Peters

This paper studies the connection between probabilistic conditional independence in uncertain reasoning and data dependency in relational databases. As a demonstration of the usefulness of this preliminary investigation, an alternate proof…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Michael S. K. M. Wong , Z. W. Wang

Fields like public health, public policy, and social science often want to quantify the degree of dependence between variables whose relationships take on unknown functional forms. Typically, in fact, researchers in these fields are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-10 Octavio César Mesner , Cosma Rohilla Shalizi