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Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) solves complex tasks that require coordination from multiple agents, but is often limited to either local (independent learning) or global (centralized learning) perspectives. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 David Eckel , Henri Meeß

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made significant strides in enabling coordinated behaviors among autonomous agents. However, most existing approaches assume that communication is instantaneous, reliable, and has unlimited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zejiao Liu , Yi Li , Jiali Wang , Junqi Tu , Yitian Hong , Fangfei Li , Yang Liu , Toshiharu Sugawara , Yang Tang

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) benchmarks commonly emphasize aggregate outcomes such as return, success rate, or completion time. While essential, these metrics often fail to reveal how agents coordinate, particularly…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maria Ana Cardei , Matthew Landers , Afsaneh Doryab

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) encompasses a powerful class of methodologies that have been applied in a wide range of fields. An effective way to further empower these methodologies is to develop libraries and tools that could…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Dmitry Kazhdan , Zohreh Shams , Pietro Liò

Reinforcement learning (RL) relies heavily on exploration to learn from its environment and maximize observed rewards. Therefore, it is essential to design a reward function that guarantees optimal learning from the received experience.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Ingy ElSayed-Aly , Lu Feng

The cooperative Multi-A gent R einforcement Learning (MARL) with permutation invariant agents framework has achieved tremendous empirical successes in real-world applications. Unfortunately, the theoretical understanding of this MARL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Fengzhuo Zhang , Boyi Liu , Kaixin Wang , Vincent Y. F. Tan , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang

This paper proposes a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) method to learn multiple coordinated agents under directed acyclic graph (DAG) constraints. Unlike existing MARL approaches, our method explicitly exploits the DAG…

Multi-agent systems (MAS) solve complex problems through coordinated autonomous entities with individual decision-making capabilities. While Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) enables these agents to learn intelligent strategies, it…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xinren Zhang , Sixi Cheng , Zixin Zhong , Jiadong Yu

Federated learning (FL) is a training technique that enables client devices to jointly learn a shared model by aggregating locally-computed models without exposing their raw data. While most of the existing work focuses on improving the FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Sai Qian Zhang , Jieyu Lin , Qi Zhang

This work leverages adaptive social learning to estimate partially observable global states in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problems. Unlike existing methods, the proposed approach enables the concurrent operation of social…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ainur Zhaikhan , Malek Khammassi , Ali H. Sayed

Multi-agent formation as well as obstacle avoidance is one of the most actively studied topics in the field of multi-agent systems. Although some classic controllers like model predictive control (MPC) and fuzzy control achieve a certain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-16 Yuzi Yan , Xiaoxiang Li , Xinyou Qiu , Jiantao Qiu , Jian Wang , Yu Wang , Yuan Shen

Advancements in deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) have positioned it as a promising approach for decision-making in cooperative games. However, it still remains challenging for MARL agents to learn cooperative strategies for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yuan Zhuang , Yi Shen , Zhili Zhang , Yuxiao Chen , Fei Miao

Flocking control is a significant problem in multi-agent systems such as multi-agent unmanned aerial vehicles and multi-agent autonomous underwater vehicles, which enhances the cooperativity and safety of agents. In contrast to traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Yunbo Qiu , Yuzhu Zhan , Yue Jin , Jian Wang , Xudong Zhang

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant traction for solving complex real-world tasks, but the inherent stochasticity and uncertainty in these environments pose substantial challenges to efficient and robust policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Somnath Hazra , Pallab Dasgupta , Soumyajit Dey

Multi-agent Reinforcement learning (MARL) studies the behaviour of multiple learning agents that coexist in a shared environment. MARL is more challenging than single-agent RL because it involves more complex learning dynamics: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Roger Creus Castanyer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities for reinforcement learning (RL) models, such as planning and reasoning capabilities. However, the problems of LLMs and RL model collaboration still need to be solved. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shangding Gu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated high performance on tasks expressed in natural language, particularly in zero- or few-shot settings. These are typically framed as supervised (e.g., classification) or unsupervised (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yarik Menchaca Resendiz , Roman Klinger

Decentralized cooperative multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) can be a versatile learning framework, particularly in scenarios where centralized training is either not possible or not practical. One of the critical challenges in…

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved outstanding results in recent years. This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of applications and methods. Recent works have explored learning beyond single-agent scenarios and have…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Pablo Hernandez-Leal , Bilal Kartal , Matthew E. Taylor

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Deep Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have achieved significant successes across a wide range of domains, including game AI, autonomous vehicles, robotics, and so on. However, DRL and deep MARL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Jianye Hao , Tianpei Yang , Hongyao Tang , Chenjia Bai , Jinyi Liu , Zhaopeng Meng , Peng Liu , Zhen Wang