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Ascription of an image gives insights into the objects that influence the classification of the whole image or its pixels towards a specific category. These insights help radiologists to visualize deformities in medical imaging. Most of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shakeeb Murtaza

Machine learning models that automate decision-making are increasingly used in consequential areas such as loan approvals, pretrial bail approval, and hiring. Unfortunately, most of these models are black boxes, i.e., they are unable to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Sopam Dasgupta , Joaquín Arias , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

Recourse generators provide actionable insights, often through feature-based counterfactual explanations (CFEs), to help negatively classified individuals understand how to adjust their input features to achieve a positive classification.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Keziah Naggita , Matthew R. Walter , Avrim Blum

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are methods for generating an alternative scenario that produces a different desirable outcome. For example, if a student is predicted to fail a course, then counterfactual explanations can provide the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-09 Bevan I. Smith

Counterfactual explanations can be obtained by identifying the smallest change made to a feature vector to qualitatively influence a prediction; for example, from 'loan rejected' to 'awarded' or from 'high risk of cardiovascular disease' to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Martin Pawelczyk , Johannes Haug , Klaus Broelemann , Gjergji Kasneci

Fairness in machine learning research has largely focused on outcome-oriented fairness criteria such as Equalized Odds, while comparatively less attention has been given to procedural-oriented fairness, which addresses how a model arrives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

For decades, researchers in fields, such as the natural and social sciences, have been verifying causal relationships and investigating hypotheses that are now well-established or understood as truth. These causal mechanisms are properties…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Trent Kyono , Mihaela van der Schaar

Causal modeling has been recognized as a potential solution to many challenging problems in machine learning (ML). Here, we describe how a recently proposed counterfactual approach developed to deconfound linear structural causal models can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Elias Chaibub Neto

In this paper we present a comprehensive view of prominent causal discovery algorithms, categorized into two main categories (1) assuming acyclic and no latent variables, and (2) allowing both cycles and latent variables, along with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Karamjit Singh , Garima Gupta , Vartika Tewari , Gautam Shroff

Machine-learning models are increasingly driving decisions in high-stakes settings, such as finance, law, and hiring, thus, highlighting the need for transparency. However, the key challenge is to balance transparency -- clarifying `why' a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Sopam Dasgupta , Sadaf MD Halim , Joaquín Arias , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

Neural Image Classifiers are effective but inherently hard to interpret and susceptible to adversarial attacks. Solutions to both problems exist, among others, in the form of counterfactual examples generation to enhance explainability or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Rafael Bischof , Florian Scheidegger , Michael A. Kraus , A. Cristiano I. Malossi

Explainable machine learning has attracted much interest in the community where the stakes are high. Counterfactual explanations methods have become an important tool in explaining a black-box model. The recent advances have leveraged the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wei Zhang , Brian Barr , John Paisley

Counterfactual explanations play a pivotal role in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) by offering intuitive, human-understandable alternatives that elucidate machine learning model decisions. Despite their significance, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Oleksii Furman , Ulvi Movsum-zada , Patryk Marszalek , Maciej Zięba , Marek Śmieja

The PC and FCI algorithms are popular constraint-based methods for learning the structure of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) in the absence and presence of latent and selection variables, respectively. These algorithms (and their…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-14 Shubhadeep Chakraborty , Ali Shojaie

Learning the graphical structure of Bayesian networks is key to describing data-generating mechanisms in many complex applications but poses considerable computational challenges. Observational data can only identify the equivalence class…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-28 Enrico Giudice , Jack Kuipers , Giusi Moffa

Fair machine learning aims to avoid treating individuals or sub-populations unfavourably based on \textit{sensitive attributes}, such as gender and race. Those methods in fair machine learning that are built on causal inference ascertain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Aoqi Zuo , Susan Wei , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han , Kun Zhang , Mingming Gong

There has been a growing interest in model-agnostic methods that can make deep learning models more transparent and explainable to a user. Some researchers recently argued that for a machine to achieve a certain degree of human-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Yu-Liang Chou , Catarina Moreira , Peter Bruza , Chun Ouyang , Joaquim Jorge

In recent years, graph contrastive learning (GCL) has received increasing attention in recommender systems due to its effectiveness in reducing bias caused by data sparsity. However, most existing GCL models rely on heuristic approaches and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Jiakai Tang , Sunhao Dai , Zexu Sun , Xu Chen , Jun Xu , Wenhui Yu , Lantao Hu , Peng Jiang , Han Li

Despite their high accuracies, modern complex image classifiers cannot be trusted for sensitive tasks due to their unknown decision-making process and potential biases. Counterfactual explanations are very effective in providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Kamran Alipour , Aditya Lahiri , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi , Michael Pazzani

Temporal link prediction is crucial for rapidly growing social networks. Existing methods often overlook the underlying causal mechanisms that drive link formation, making it difficult for algorithms to adapt to complex structures that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hantong Feng , Duxin Chen , Wenwu Yu